Term
| Erik Erikson's stages are described as: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Freud's stages are described as: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do ego psychologists like Erikson believe in regards to behavior? |
|
Definition
| Man's powers of reasoning to control behavior |
|
|
Term
| Who was the only psychoanalyst to create a developmental therapy that encompasses the entire life span? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| His theory does not truly cover the whole life span- last crisis begins at age 12 and supposedly lasts the rest of the lifespan |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| His ideas related to cognitive development with college students |
|
|
Term
| What concept of thinking does Perry emphasize? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Define dualistic thinking. |
|
Definition
Things are conceptualized as good/bad or right/wrong.
Common to teens.
Black & white thinking; no ambiguity. |
|
|
Term
| Which cognitive development theorist is Ed Neukrug associated with? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Define relativistic thinking. |
|
Definition
Ability to perceive that not everything is right or wrong; an answer can exist relative to a situation.
Common to adulthood.
There is more than one way to view the world. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Well-known figure in the area of cognitive development.
|
|
|
Term
| What does Robert Kegan's model of adult cognitive development stress? |
|
Definition
| Interpersonal Development |
|
|
Term
| The description: "constructive model of development, meaning that individuals construct reality throughout the lifespan" belongs to: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name Jean Piaget's four stages of cognitive development. |
|
Definition
| Sensorimotor, Preoperations, Concrete Operations, Formal Operations |
|
|
Term
| What was Piaget's thoughts regarding his stages & culture? |
|
Definition
| The order of stages stays the same across cultures, but the ages of the individual may vary. |
|
|
Term
| Main critique of Piaget's work: |
|
Definition
| He based his findings on his own children. |
|
|
Term
| Define Piaget's concept of conservation. |
|
Definition
| A substance's weight, mass, & volume remain the same even if it changes shape. |
|
|
Term
| During what stage are the concepts of conservation and reversibility mastered? |
|
Definition
| Concrete Operations: 7-11 years |
|
|
Term
| The statistical research of David Elkind supports Piaget in regards to what concept? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the order of mastery of the units of measurements in the concept of conservation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Who expanded on Piaget's conceptualization of moral development? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Vygotsky _______ with Freud. He insisted that stages unfold _______. |
|
Definition
Disagreed
Due to educational intervention, not naturally |
|
|
Term
| Who is the leading theorist in moral development? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Define epigenetic.
Whose theories are defined as epigenetic? (3) |
|
Definition
Each stage emerges from the one before it.
Kohlberg, Erikson, Maslow |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| One can undo an action; an object can return to its initial shape. |
|
|
Term
| During which of Piaget's stages is the concept of egocentrism present? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A child cannot view the world from the vantage point of someone else. |
|
|
Term
| How many levels of morality did Lawrence Kohlberg suggest? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are Lawrence Kohlberg's 3 levels of moral development? |
|
Definition
Preconventional
Conventional
Postconventional |
|
|
Term
| In the Heinz dilemma, what stage of moral development is the husband in? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Who does the term "identity crisis" belong to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| "Positive Psychology" is a term coined by: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Who was the pioneer of the concept of learned helplessness? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Positive Psychology refers to the study of: |
|
Definition
| Human strengths such as joy, wisdom, altruism, ability to love, happiness, & wisdom |
|
|
Term
| Who is the founder of individual psychology? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does individual psychology stress? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the preconventional stage of morality. |
|
Definition
The child responds to consequences.
Reward & punishment greatly influence behavior. |
|
|
Term
| Describe the conventional stage of morality. |
|
Definition
| The individual wants to meet the standards of society, family, & the nation. |
|
|
Term
| Describe the postconventional stage of morality. |
|
Definition
| The person is concerned with universal, ethical principles of justice, dignity, and equality of human rights. |
|
|
Term
| What is Erikson's first stage of psychosocial development? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the stages of Harry Stack Sullivan's theory of development? |
|
Definition
Infancy
Childhood
Juvenile Era
Preadolescence
Early Adolescence
Late Adolescence |
|
|
Term
| What is the name of Sullivan's theory of development? |
|
Definition
| Psychiatry of interpersonal relations |
|
|
Term
| What is the final stage of Erikson's theory of psychosocial development? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When an individual has mastered all Erikson's stages they feel: |
|
Definition
| A sense of integrity in the sense that their life has been worthwhile |
|
|
Term
| In Kohlberg's preconventional level of moral development, the individual's moral behavior is guided by: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is Kohlberg's conventional stage of morality characterized by? (2) |
|
Definition
A desire to live up to society's expectations
A desire to conform |
|
|
Term
| An individual in the postconventional stage of moral development is said to have: |
|
Definition
| self-imposed morals and ethics |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Occurs in stage 2 of the pre-conventional level.
"If I'm nice to others, they'll be nice to me and I'll get what I want." |
|
|
Term
| Who pioneered the concept of the zone of proximal development? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the zone of proximal development. |
|
Definition
| The difference between a child's performance without a teacher versus that which they are capable of with an instructor. |
|
|
Term
| Describe the concept of maturation. |
|
Definition
| Suggests that behavior is guided exclusively via hereditary factors, but that certain behaviors will not manifest themselves until the necessary stimuli are present in the environment. |
|
|
Term
| Which theorist's name is closely associated with attachment and bonding? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is Arnold Gesell known for? |
|
Definition
| Using a one-way mirror for observing children. |
|
|
Term
| According to Bowlby, what can "object loss" lead to? |
|
Definition
| Abnormal behavior, otherwise known as psychopathology. |
|
|
Term
| During which of Erikson's stages does the midlife crisis occur? |
|
Definition
| Generativity vs. Stagnation |
|
|
Term
| What is Harry Harlow best known for? |
|
Definition
| His work with maternal deprivation and isolation with rhesus monkeys. |
|
|
Term
| What did Rene Spitz find in regard to maternal deprivation? |
|
Definition
| Children reared in impersonal institutions (esp. during the 6-8 months of life) cried more, experienced sleeping difficulties, and had more health-related difficulties. |
|
|
Term
| Who coined the term "anaclitic depression" in reference to children suffering from maternal deprivation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When does Erikson's Intimacy vs. Isolation stage occur and what does it entail? |
|
Definition
23-34
Focuses heavily on sharing your life with another person. |
|
|
Term
| When does conformity peek? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Oral
Anal
Phallic
Latency
Genital |
|
|
Term
| What role does gender play in suicide during adolescence? |
|
Definition
| Males commit suicide more often than females, but females attempt suicide more often than males. |
|
|
Term
| When is the fear of death the greatest? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| During which of Freud's stages does attachment primarily develop? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is unique about Freud's latency stage? |
|
Definition
| The only stage which is not primarily psychosexual in nature. |
|
|
Term
| In regards to children, what did Stanley Coopersmith find? |
|
Definition
| Child-rearing methods have a tremendous impact on self-esteem. |
|
|
Term
| What type of psychology is B.F. associated with? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do behaviorists emphasize in regards to nature vs. nurture? |
|
Definition
| The power of the environment |
|
|
Term
| In regards to when and what type of changes occur, stage theorists assume? |
|
Definition
| Qualitative changes between stages occur. |
|
|
Term
| Development is a _____ process which begins at _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The portion of a trait that can be explained via genetic factors. |
|
|
Term
| The formal operational stage is characterized by: (2) |
|
Definition
The emergence of abstract thinking.
Problem-solving using deduction. |
|
|
Term
| Kohlberg lists ____ stages of moral development which fall into ____ levels. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two stages of Preconventional development? |
|
Definition
Punishment/Obedience Orientation
Naive Hedonism Orientation (also called instrumental or egotistic) |
|
|
Term
| What are the two stages of the conventional level of morality? |
|
Definition
Good Boy/Good Girl Orientation
Authority, Law, & Order Orientation |
|
|
Term
| What are the two stages of the postconventional level of morality? |
|
Definition
Democratically Accepted Law or "Social Contract"
Principles of Self-Conscience and Universal Ethics |
|
|
Term
| Describe Freud's Oedipus Complex. |
|
Definition
| The stage in which fantasies of sexual relations with the opposite-sex parent occur. |
|
|
Term
| During what stage does the Oedipus Complex occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe what is meant by a covert process. |
|
Definition
| Any psychological process which cannot be directly observed. |
|
|
Term
| Describe what is meant by "in vivo". |
|
Definition
| The client is exposed to an actual situation. |
|
|
Term
| Describe desensitization. |
|
Definition
| Behavior therapy techniques that help to alleviate anxiety reactions. |
|
|
Term
| What did Gibson use to research depth perception in children? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An inborn or so-called innate trait |
|
|
Term
| What was John Locke's 1600s philosophy? |
|
Definition
| Associationism/Empiricism |
|
|
Term
| What is the organismic viewpoint? |
|
Definition
| Slanted toward qualitative rather than quantitative factors that can be measured empirically. |
|
|
Term
| Organicism states that developmental strides are: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Organismic also describes _____ psychologists, who emphasize a holistic model. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In regards to Piaget's theory, reflexes play the biggest role in which stage? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the concept of object permanence. |
|
Definition
| A child learns that objects have an existence even when the child is not interacting with them. |
|
|
Term
| The concepts of permanency & constancy of objects is mastered in which of Piaget's phases? |
|
Definition
| Sensorimotor (Birth-2 years) |
|
|
Term
| Where did John Bowlby believe conduct disorders & other psychopathology result from? |
|
Definition
| Inadequate attachment and bonding in early childhood |
|
|
Term
| What does the word autistic mean? |
|
Definition
| Extremely withdrawn & isolated |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The individual is unable to go from one developmental stage to the next. |
|
|
Term
| Define instinctual behavior. |
|
Definition
| Behavior that manifests itself in all normal members of a given species |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The study of animals' behavior in their natural environment |
|
|
Term
| Whose name is typically associated with ethology? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe comparative psychology. |
|
Definition
| Laboratory research using animals which attempts to generalize the findings to humans. |
|
|
Term
| What is Konrad Lorenz best known for? |
|
Definition
His work on the process of imprinting, which is an instinctual behavior whereby the infant instinctively follows the first moving object it encounters- usually the mother.
Goslings. |
|
|
Term
| Describe the principle of critical periods. |
|
Definition
| Certain behaviors must be learned at an early time in the animal's development. Otherwise the behaviors will never be learned at all. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Focusing on a key feature of a given object while not noticing the rest of it. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A branch of philosophy that attempts to examine how we know what we know. |
|
|
Term
| During which of Piaget's stages does the acquisition of a symbolic schema occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What 2 things do symbolic mental processes allow for? |
|
Definition
Language
Symbolism in play |
|
|
Term
| What is R.J. Havinghurst known for? |
|
Definition
| Developmental tasks for each stage of development. |
|
|
Term
| What are Havinghurst's two developmental tasks of infancy? |
|
Definition
Learning to walk
Eating solid foods |
|
|
Term
| What are Havinghurst's tasks for middle childhood? |
|
Definition
Learning to get along with peers
Developing a conscience |
|
|
Term
| What are Havinghurst's tasks of adolescence? |
|
Definition
Preparing for marriage
An economic career |
|
|
Term
| What are Havinghurst's tasks for early adulthood? |
|
Definition
Selecting a mate
Starting a family |
|
|
Term
| What are Havinghurst's tasks for middle age? |
|
Definition
Assisting teenage children to become responsible adults
Developing leisure-time activities |
|
|
Term
| What are Havinghurst's tasks of later maturity? |
|
Definition
Dealing with the death of a spouse
Adjustment to retirement |
|
|
Term
| What did the stage theorist Jane Loevinger focus on? |
|
Definition
| Ego development via seven stages and two transitions- the highest level being "integrated" |
|
|
Term
| Describe the concept of reinforcement- including both positive & negative reinforcement. |
|
Definition
All reinforcers increase the probability that a behavior will occur.
Negative reinforcement: removal of a stimulus increases the probability that a behavior will occur.
Positive reinforcement: addition of a stimulus strengthens or increases a behavior |
|
|
Term
In psychoanalysis, what does the term "object" refer to?
Who was responsible for this concept? |
|
Definition
The target of one's love.
John Bowlby |
|
|
Term
By what age did Bowlby state that a child must form an attachment?
What did he believe would occur if the child did not form this attachment? |
|
Definition
3
The child would be incapable of having normal social relationships as an adult. |
|
|
Term
Describe the research of Maccoby and Jacklin.
What are some of their findings?
Are these differences due to biological factors or learning? |
|
Definition
They studied the differences between males and females.
Boys tend to have better math & science skills. Girls tend to have better verbal skills. Boys tend to be more active and aggressive than girls.
Mainly learning. |
|
|
Term
| What is the male tendency to be more aggressive due to as opposed to other sex differences? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the concept of "primal scene". |
|
Definition
| A psychoanalytic concept that suggests that a young child witnesses his parents having sexual intercourse or is seduced by the parent. The incident (real or imagined) is said to provide impetus for later neuroses. |
|
|
Term
Which behaviorist developed BASIC-ID?
What does BASIC-ID stand for? |
|
Definition
Arnold Lazarus
Behavior, Affective Responses, Sensations, Imagery, Cognitions, Interpersonal Relationships, & Drugs |
|
|
Term
During which of Piaget's stages does the concept of animism occur?
Describe the concept of animism. |
|
Definition
Preoperational
The child attributes human characteristics to inanimate objects.
Ex: A child may believe a honking horn is really the car talking to him. |
|
|
Term
Who developed the concept of animus and anima?
What do they refer to? |
|
Definition
C.G. Jung
Anima=female characteristics of the personality
Animus=male characteristics of the personality
They are "archetypes": inherited unconscious factors |
|
|
Term
| Describe the concept of ego identity. |
|
Definition
Associated with Erikson's 5th stage: Identity vs. Role Confusion
An adolescent is able to integrate all his or her previous roles into a single self-concept=they have achieved ego identity. |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 reasons given for the slow development of elementary school counseling? |
|
Definition
1) Majority of people believed teachers could double as counselors.
2) Counseling was conceptualized as focusing on vocational issues, which would not be primary in elementary school.
3) Secondary schools utilized social workers and psychologists who would intervene if emotional problems were still an issue as the child got older. |
|
|
Term
| Describe Erikson's Generativity vs. Stagnation stage. |
|
Definition
Generativity: ability to do creative work or raise a family; productive ability to create a career, family, & leisure time.
Stagnation: self-centered; self-absorption. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A break from reality which can include hallucinations, delusions, and thought disorders. |
|
|
Term
| Define generalized anxiety. |
|
Definition
| Fear, dread, or apprehension without being able to pinpoint the exact reason for the feeling. |
|
|
Term
| Why is play therapy often preferable as opposed to traditional counseling with children? |
|
Definition
| Cultural differences have less impact on these types of interventions. |
|
|
Term
| What is Joseph Wolpe known for? |
|
Definition
| Systematic desensitization- a behavioristic technique used to alleviate phobic reactions. |
|
|
Term
| What is Albert Ellis known for? |
|
Definition
| Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT): teaches the clients to think in a more scientific and logical manner |
|
|
Term
| What is Martin Seligman known for? |
|
Definition
Learned Helplessness
Experimented with dogs: shocking them while they were in harnesses |
|
|
Term
| In counseling, what is the difference between a phobia and anxiety? |
|
Definition
In phobia: the client is aware of the source of fear
In anxiety: the client is unaware of the source of fear |
|
|
Term
Which of Freud's 3 concepts is known as the "Parent"?
Why? |
|
Definition
Superego
Contains shoulds, oughts, musts which guide morality. |
|
|
Term
| Describe Piaget's two stages of morality. |
|
Definition
Heteronomous: occurs between 4-7; child views rules as absolutes that result in punishment.
Autonomous: begins at 10; child perceives that rules are relative and can be altered or changed. |
|
|
Term
| When does marital satisfaction decrease, and when is it the lowest? |
|
Definition
Decreases with parenthood
Lowest prior to a child leaving home |
|
|
Term
| Describe Maslow's hierarchy of needs. |
|
Definition
Lower-order needs: physiological & safety needs
Higher-order needs: self-actualization (a person becomes all the can be) |
|
|
Term
| What are Kegan's six stages of life span development? |
|
Definition
Incorporative
Impulsive
Imperial
Interpersonal
Institutional
Interindividual |
|
|
Term
| Describe Piaget's concept of equilibration. |
|
Definition
| The balance between what one takes in (assimilation) and that which is changed (accommodation). |
|
|
Term
| Describe Anal-retentive & Anal-expulsive. |
|
Definition
Anal-retentive=Stingy
Anal-expulsive=Blow up |
|
|
