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Human Growth and Development Test 1
Middle Childhood
133
Other
Undergraduate 1
01/19/2010

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Term
a person's age according to date of birth
Definition
chronological age
Term
a person’s level of maturation relative to his/her peer group
Definition
maturational age
Term
changes in physical growth over time found in general populations
Definition
secular trend
Term
refers to a slower pace of physical development as compared to preceding or following periods; it’s slow, steady development for five years
Definition
growth latency
Term
hardening of bones with maturation
Definition
ossification
Term
middle childhood has _____ vision than in early childhood; _____ visual aculty/convergence; _____ binocular control
Definition
kenner; better; better
Term
in middle childhood, children's hearing _____ significantly and they have _____ ear infections
Definition
improves; fewer
Term
in middle childhood, their _____ tubes mature
Definition
Eustachian (tubes bend more so its safer)
Term
in middle childhood, the children's general health _____; _____ illnesses; _____ deaths (lowest of lifespan); over _____ have no tooth decay; general facial changes in maturation
Definition
improves; fewer; fewer; half
Term
in middle childhood, children have a _____ rate of growth (physical maturation)
Definition
slower/decelerated
Term
Do girls ever catch or pass boys in height and weight?
Definition
Yes. Around age 11. But then boys take back over around age 14
Term
Both boys and girls decrease in growth of _____ tissue
Definition
fatty
Term
What is sexual dimorphism?
Definition
The differences in form and structure between boys and girls
Term
Name some differences between boys and girls
Definition
size, strength, metabolic rate, adipose tissue, center of gravity (remember nose demonstration)
Term
What is metabolic rate?
Definition
How fast your oxygen is used to burn calories
Term
How do motor skills differ in boys and girls?
Definition
Strength, speed, and fine motor skills increase for boys more than girls.
Term
Who is more flexible, boys or girls?
Definition
Girls
Term
Who retains thicker layers of fat throughout development, boys or girls?
Definition
Girls
Term
_____ children mature faster than _____ children
Definition
Urban; rural
Term
Economically advantaged children of different ethnic groups show _____ differences
Definition
small
Term
_____ children grow slower/smaller
Definition
Asian American
Term
_____ children grow slightly more rapidly than _____ children
Definition
African American; white
Term
Children of today are less _____, have more _____, and are less _____.
Definition
active; body fat; physically fit
Term
What is menarche?
Definition
first menstruation
Term
Onset of menstruation: overall:_____ whites:_____ African Americans:_____
Definition
12.5 (overall) 12.8 (whites) 12.2 (A.A.)
Term
3/4 of African American girls and 1/3 of white girls develop breast and pubic hair by age _____
Definition
9
Term
Asian American girls develop _____ and _____
Definition
slower and later
Term
What is acute and what is chronic?
Definition
Acute = severe and Chronic = long lasting
Term
What are the three leading chronic illnesses in middle childhood?
Definition
Asthma, Allergies, and Heart Conditions
Term
What is the fastest increasing chronic illness in middle childhood?
Definition
Diabetes
Term
What are the 4 leading causes of death in middle childhood?
Definition
1. Unintentional injury (1,634)
2. Malignant neoplasm's (722)
3. Congenital anomalies (273)
4. Homicide (238)
(U.S. 2006, all races, both sexes)
Term
What is malignant neoplasm's?
Definition
Cancer (it is the 2nd leading cause of death in middle childhood)
Term
In 2006, what were the three leading causes of unintentional deaths of adolescence (total deaths: 1634)
Definition
1. Motor vehicle accidents (51.9%)
2. Drowning (11.9%)
3. Fire/burn (9.7%)
Term
What does it mean/what are the qualifications for someone to be considered overweight? Obese?
Definition
If an individual is 10-20% above the suggested body weight, that person is overweight; 20% or over are considered obese.
Term
What are 7 causes of obesity?
Definition
1.Heredity 2. Early growth pattern (early maturers are more likely to be obese) 3. Family eating habits (make favorite meal, go out to eat when you get good grades) 4. Responsiveness to food cues (smelling it and desire to eat) 5. Physical activity 6. Television viewing 7. Traumatic events (comfort food)
Term
Explain how heredity is a very common cause of obesity?
Definition
Neither of your parents are obese: less than 10% of becoming obese. One of your parents is obese: 40% chance of becoming obese. Both your parents or your grandparents are obese: 80% chance of becoming obese
Term
Is obesity more common among lower or higher economic groups?
Definition
Lower (can't afford to eat healthy/pay for gym memberships etc.)
Term
What are 4 associated problems with obesity?
Definition
1. Fewer friends 2. Poorer body image 3. Lower self-esteem (after 5th grade, more self consciousness - mothers are the #1 criticizers) 4. Increased risk of heart problems (high fat content/distribution; high blood pressure; high cholesterol etc.)
Term
_____ girls and _____ boys have been sexually abused/traumatized by the age of 18
Definition
One out of every four girls; one out of every eight boys
Term
Name and describe (give examples of) two types of sexual trauma
Definition
1. Covert (non touching): witnessing sexual acts, being subjected to sexual comments or innuendo
2. Overt: experiencing inappropriate kissing, touching, fondling, simulated intercourse or penetration
Term
Extreme forms of sexual trauma include _____ and _____
Definition
Rape; ritualistic abuse
Term
When girls are molested _____% are molested by males and _____% are molested by females
Definition
94% by males and 6% by females
Term
When boys are molested, _____% are molested by males and _____% are molested by females
Definition
80% by males and 20% by females
Term
Most commonly, sexual abusers are _____ and _____ of them have some type of substance abuse.
Definition
adolescent-middle aged men; 1/3 of them
Term
Sexual abusers within families are (in order): _____, _____, grandfathers, _____, _____, _____
Definition
fathers; stepfathers; cousins; uncles; brothers
Term
Within families, _____ are much more likely to be molested
Definition
girls
Term
Name three common types of abusers and their motivations for abusing them.
Definition
1. Pedophiles (attracted to children sexually and receive gratification by their actions/seducers - usually offers something like drugs, "being a member of an elite club") 2. Sociopaths (motivation is more an issue of power than sexual desire; target weakest: who is not very confident) 3. Profiteers (interested in child pornography or child prostitution)
Term
What is cognitive development?
Definition
Growth of those mental processes by which one gains knowledge (not necessarily what you got but how you came up with it)
Term
What is mental age?
Definition
A concept arrived at by comparing one person's score with the average scores of others within specific age groups.
Term
What is intelligence?
Definition
A general term for a person's abilities in a wide range of tasks (it may also include the ability to profit from experience, to learn new information, and to adjust to new situations)
Term
What is achievement motivation?
Definition
Behavior that enhances competence or judgments of competence; a desire to strive for some high by reasonable standard of excellence in a skill or area of knowledge
Term
What are two types of achievement motivations?
Definition
Learning Orientation and Performance Orientation
Term
A type of achievement motivation; intrinsic motivation, coming from within the learner and the task; learner is trying to satisfy self (do well because it gives you a good feeling and happy with yourself)
Definition
Learning Orientation
Term
A type of achievement motivation; extrinsic motivation, coming from the evaluations of other individuals; learner is trying to satisfy others
Definition
Performance Orientation
Term
Working space for new and/or current info - has limited storage and a limited life span
Definition
Short-term memory (STM)
Term
Stores committed information for extended time - has virtually no limits of space or duration
Definition
Long-term memory (LTM)
Term
The simplest form of memory, which involves noticing whether a new experience is similar to a previous one (has some memory but maybe not specifics)
Definition
Recognition memory
Term
The type of memory that involves remember something (detail) in the absence of perceptual support
Definition
Recall memory
Term
The number of items an individual can remember at one time
Definition
Memory span
Term
Name 4 common strategies for remembering something
Definition
1. Rehearsal 2. Clustering 3. Elaboration 4. Systematic Searching
Term
A common strategy for remembering; involves either mental or vocal repetition or repetition of movement
Definition
Rehearsal
Term
A common strategy for remembering; grouping ideas, objects, or words into groups to help in remembering them
Definition
Clustering
Term
A common strategy for remembering; finding shared meaning or a common referent for two or more things to be remembered
Definition
Elaboration
Term
A common strategy for remembering; scanning the memory for the whole domain in which something might be found
Definition
Systematic Searching
Term
Name 5 styles of thinking/use of reasoning
Definition
1. Convergent learning 2. Divergent learning 3. Field dependent thinking 4. Field independent thinking 5. Mnemonic device
Term
A style of thinking; focused, deductive reasoning that leads to one specific solution to a problem
Definition
Convergent learning
Term
A style of thinking; production of a wide variety of ideas, inductive reasoning
Definition
Divergent learning
Term
A style of learning; tend to see things in relatively large, connected patterns (global)
Definition
Field dependent thinking
Term
A style of learning; tend to see things more as discrete, independent/autonomous parts (analytical)
Definition
Field independent thinking
Term
A style of thinking; using a specific cue in order to stimulate memory recall (ex: HOMES)
Definition
Mnemonic device
Term
Forgetting refers to the inability to _____, _____, or _____ info that was stored or is still stored in long-term memory (in order to forget information, you have to remember it and it must have been in long term memory)
Definition
retrieve, recall, or recognize info
Term
A theory that says memories fade away and disappear across time if they are not used
Definition
Law of Disuse
Term
A mental process that automatically hides emotionally threatening or anxiety producing information in the unconscious (ex: abuse)
Definition
Repression (repressed - to push or hold down)
Term
The retrieval of some particular memory is blocked or prevented by other related memories (ex: the bones; equations b/c they are similar)
Definition
Interference
Term
Information cannot be retrieved because it was a poorly encoded or stored with few associations or reminders
Definition
Inadequate Retrieval Cues
Term
Says that there are other kinds of smarts besides book smarts. Students can reveal their smarts in multiple ways.
Definition
Gardiner's Multiple Intelligences (Part one and two) (in text book pg 290's)
Term
Name some characteristics of concrete operational thought (7)
Definition
Classification, seriation, de-centering, reciprocity, class inclusion, reversibility, and conservation
Term
Sorting objects into related divisions
Definition
Classification (like clustering)
Term
Ordering a group of objects in succession by size
Definition
Seriation
Term
Ability to consider more than one characteristic of an event/object at one time (can be more descriptive-looking at more than one aspect)
Definition
De-centering
Term
Ability to understand corresponding complementary inverse relationships (if A=B then B=A)
Definition
Reciprocity
Term
Knowledge that a basic class (such as flowers) is always greater than any of its subordinate classes (such as roses or lilacs)
Definition
Class inclusion
Term
Ability to affect change and then go back to the original condition by a reversal of the change
Definition
Reversibility
Term
Understanding that irrelevant changes in the physical appearance of objects do not affect their quantity (amount), mass (density), weight (heaviness), or volume (space occupied)
Definition
Conservation
Term
How an individual feels about him/herself; an ongoing evaluation of self-worth (affective)
Definition
Self-esteem (can be changed very quickly by what's going on in the environment)
Term
The manner a person thinks of him/herself and believes others view him/her (cognitive)
Definition
Self-concept (established over a period of time; hard to change; not as bothered by a bad hair day or a bad grade)
Term
The way an individual sees him/herself
Definition
Self-image (mental picture of what he/she looks like)
Term
What an individual wants to be or become; the zenith that he/she desires
Definition
Ideal-self ("Ok, I think I look like this but I really want to look like this." Usually compared to other people)
Term
A sense of being; a sense of oneself as an entity (uniqueness)
Definition
Identity (a sense of who you are as compared to other people)
Term
Acquiring of behaviors that conform to social expectations
Definition
Social development
Term
Process used to acquire social skills
Definition
Socialization
Term
Refers to an awareness of others as selves that, like ourselves, are also capable of feeling intentions, motives, etc. (a self preservation; me me me) (ability to understand what others are feeling)
Definition
Social cognition
Term
Ability to recognize and share the feelings of others (even if you don't know exactly; ex: losing a mother)
Definition
Empathy
Term
Skills that result in successful social functioning with peers (ex: knowing you should not poke people you like)
Definition
Social competence
Term
Who said that Industry versus Inferiority coincides with Freud's Period of Latency (Says that if people are industrious (and have a sense of industry - being busy with working, school, hobbies) then they will be successful and happy)
Definition
Erikson's Psychosocial Development
Term
What are the two highest sources of stress for middle-childhood children?
Definition
Parent dies and parents divorce
Term
Name some types of families
Definition
nuclear, blended, step-parent, single parent, grandparent, extended (living together), formal adoptive, informal adoptive, same-sex, foster, communal/religious grouping, fictive kinfolk (uncle, neighbor, friends in church), surrogate (someone who is appointed to raise the child)
Term
Sibling de-identification: _____ to _____ relationships and _____ have the most problems
Definition
Brother to brother and closer in age relationships
Term
A process through which children develop identities different from their siblings
Definition
Sibling de-identification
Term
Sibling rivalry/jealousy: when children compete with one another for _____, _____, or _____ of parents/significant others
Definition
attention, affection, or praise
Term
Destructive form of sibling rivalry (this one is not normal!)
Definition
Sibling Conflict
Term
Tell the demandingness level and responsiveness level of each parenting style (there are 4)
Definition
1. Authoritarian: high demanding, low responsiveness 2. Permissive: low demanding, high responsiveness 3. Neglecting/Rejecting: low demanding, low responsiveness 4. Authoritative: high demanding, high responsiveness
Term
What do we mean by demandingness level? Responsiveness level? (when talking about parenting styles)
Definition
Demandingness level: how much control a parent has over a child
Responsiveness level: how much love a parent exhibits towards their child
Term
In this parenting style, parents try to control their children's conduct by using rules and regulations; obedience is greatly valued; use threat of force to correct behavior; their word is law (decisions cannot be questioned)
Definition
Authoritarian (does not mean they are not loving, they just don't show their love as much)
Term
In this parenting style, parents make few demands on their children; nonpunishing; do not shape their childrens behavior but children regulate their own activities, little emphasis on rules but use reason (rather than power) to control children when necessary
Definition
Permissive
Term
In this parenting style, parents are not engaged with their children; do not monitor children's activities; provide little or no structure
Definition
Neglect/Uninvolved (these children are perhaps the words off)
Term
In this parenting style, parents encourage verbal give-and-take and explain the reason behind family policies; limits set but child's individuality taken into consideration; demanding but warm; parents still have final authority
Definition
Authoritative (most desired model)
Term
Children under this parenting style score the poorest on measures of adjustment, psychosocial competence, and show psychological and behavior dysfunction
Definition
Neglect/Uninvolved
Term
Children under this parenting style are the most self-reliant, self-controlled, explorative, and contented and exhibit higher levels of self-esteem and better impulse control
Definition
Authoritative
Term
Parents often _____ parenting styles
Definition
mix
Term
Name 4 types of humor
Definition
1. Incongruous Action 2. Incongruous Labeling 3. Conceptual Incongruity 4. Multiple Meaning and Adult-Like Humor
Term
A type of humor in which one is engaging in behavior that is inconsistent with reality (examples: using a doll as a phone or pretending to eat a child's toes)
Definition
Incongruous Action
Term
A type of humor in which one simply gives the wrong names/titles to known objects, events, people, etc. (examples: referring to Winnie the Pooh as Big Bird or calling a dog a cat)
Definition
Incongruous Labeling
Term
A type of humor in which distortion of a reality (that children understand is a distortion) is heavily influenced by development of language and cognition (ex: "Look mom that man only has one leg!", responding to puppets, enjoying bathroom humor)
Definition
Conceptual Incongruity
Term
A type of humor that includes riddles (a notion of how things are expected to work or be; ex: what has eyes that cannot see, a tongue that cannot taste...a shoe), language ambiguity jokes (double meanings; ex: how do you get a hanky to dance? Put a little boogie in it) , and absurdity riddles (a silly question with a silly answer; ex: why won't cannibals eat clowns? because they taste funny.)
Definition
Multiple Meaning and Adult-Like Humor
Term
Measures potential at a specific point in time (give and example)
Definition
Aptitude (IQ tests)
Term
Measures performance (or what can be accomplished) at a specific point in time; it is what you are able to do and how you can perform in different situations, etc.
Definition
Achievement
Term
What is the type of humor that little kids can understand first and the best
Definition
Incongruous Action
Term
What is the Flynn Effect?
Definition
Says that IQ scores are on the rise (people are scoring better). Why? Better schools, better health care, smaller families
Term
An IQ score of _____ and higher means that the taker is gifted. If they score _____ and below, they are considered mentally retarded (mild/moderate/severe/profound)
Definition
130; 70
Term
LABELS SET...
Definition
EXPECTATIONS among educators (IQ tests "gifted" or "mentally retarded")
Term
Adaptation to life is now measured/considered in interpreting _____
Definition
IQ scores
Term
Cultural bias: _____/_____/_____ populations have lower IQ scores on average which can cause disproportionate number to be labeled mentally retarded
Definition
minority/low-SES/immigrant populations
Term
What are two problems with IQ testing and labeling?
Definition
1. Intelligence potential can change over lifespan (influenced by experiential, environmental, and genetic factors, and are only a static snapshot of potential in a specific moment and place in time) 2. There is not intelligence but INTELLIGENCES
Term
STERNBERG identifies 3 types of intelligences:
Definition
Academic, creative, practical
Term
GOLEMAN identifies the importance of _____ (a certain type of intelligence)
Definition
Emotional Intelligence
Term
GARDINER identifies 8 kinds of intelligences:
Definition
linguistic, logical-mathematical, musical, kinesthetic, spatial, intrapersonal, interpersonal, and naturalistic
Term
GARDINER identified 8 types of intelligences, but which ones did he say were the most important?
Definition
None! He believed they have equal value. Except, Western-influenced schools and governments value some more than others...
Term
Looking at developmental patterns in individuals and what causes them to make achievement or progresses (studies nature, origin, and consequences of individual patterns of adaptation and maladaptation over time)
Definition
Developmental Psychopathology
Term
What are 4 universal findings of developmental psychopathologists concerning all people (not just students identified with special needs)?
Definition
1. Abnormal is normal 2. Disability changes year by year 3. Adulthood may be better or worse 4. Diagnosis depends on social context (i.e. what is accepted where and by when)
Term
When referring to children with special needs, language matters. What do we mean by this?
Definition
We mean they are human first, disability second: "Children with autism" not "autistic kids"
Term
There are 4 ranges of special needs:
Definition
1. Physical (Down's syndrome) 2. Social (anxiety, conduct disorders) 3. Emotional 4. Co-morbid disordered (i.e. multiple disorders at once)
Term
What are the three types of disorders?
Definition
1. ADD and ADHD (brain issues) (5% of US children have it) 2. Learning Disabilities 3. Autistic Spectrum Disorders
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