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Human Growth and Development
Human G&D final review
84
Psychology
Undergraduate 3
05/11/2010

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Cards

Term
Who said: I am a constructive theory.
Definition
Both, Piaget and Vygotsky
Term
Who said:boundaries of cognitive growth are established by societal influences.
Definition
Both, Piaget and Vygotsky
Term
Who said: development comes from action/doing.
Definition
Piaget
Term
Who said: Development comes input from surroundings and others.
Definition
Vygotsky
Term
Who said: Development occurs in four evident phases.
Definition
Piaget
Term
Who said: development has no set stages.
Definition
Vygotsky
Term
Who said: private speech or self-verbalization is essential for development.
Definition
Vygotsky
Term
Who said: children learn best in their zone of proximal development.
Definition
Vygotsky
Term
Who said: children are egocentric in their perspectives.
Definition
Piaget
Term
Who said: having groups of mixes abilities is good.
Definition
Vygotsky
Term
Who said: people learn through accommodating or assimilating their existing schemas.
Definition
piaget
Term
Who said: disequilibrium is a stage of struggle.
Definition
piaget
Term
Who said: language is essential to development.
Definition
vygotsky
Term
Who said: guided discovery learning is more beneficial for students.
Definition
vygotsky
Term
The Piagetian stage characterized by the ability to develop goal-directed behavior, means-end thinking, and object permanence.
Definition
sensirmotor
Term
Which of the following is not a characteristic of concrete operational thinking?
Definition
ability to think abstractly
Term
The ability to draw a logical inference based on the relationship between two statements or premises is known as what?
Definition
hypothetico-deductive reasoning
Term
Which of the following is true according to Vygotsky?
Definition
knowledge is constructed between people as they interact
Term
Vygotsky's term for the process of constructing an internal representation of external physical actions or mental operations is _______________________.
Definition
internalization
Term
When adults break tasks into a set of subroutines that the child can successfully complete on his or her own, according to Vygotsky the adult is __________?
Definition
providing scaffolding
Term
Which of the following is a defining characteristic of formal operational thinking?
Definition
abstract thinking
Term
Children's first words most commonly refer to what?
Definition
concrete objects
Term
Vygotsky’s term that represents the gap between what children can do on their own and what they can do with the assistance of others.
Definition
zone of proximal development
Term
The process of changing existing schemata to fit new information.
Definition
accommodation
Term
The understanding that an entity remains the same despite superficial changes in its form or physical appearance.
Definition
conservation
Term
The process of myelination is essential for processing information. What is also true about this process?
Definition
it serves to insulate nerves
Term
According to the cephalocaudal trend in physical development, an infant would first learn to control what part of his/her body?
Definition
head
Term
What is the name for the tendency of an infant to reach with his or her mouth when touched on the check?
Definition
rooting reflex
Term
Physical developments is caused by
Definition
a combination of biological and enviromental factors.
Term
Which of the following senses is the LEAST developed at birth?
Definition
vision
Term
Newborns show preference for sounds
Definition
that match the tone of their parents.
Term
A six-day-old infant sucks on a nipple in order to eat. A psychologist would NOT view this as the result of learning because
Definition
this is a reflex
Term
What is the biggest physical change for children between the ages of 5 and 12?
Definition
faces elongate
Term
Puberty is the period of rapid development where individuals become capable of
Definition
reproducing
Term
According to the proximodistal trend in physical development, an infant would first learn to control what part of his/her body?
Definition
arms
Term
Pruning is best described as
Definition
disconnecting connections between neurons.
Term
An Apgar score ranges from 0 to 10 to indicate
Definition
newborn's overall general health
Term
Heredity is to nature as the way we are raised is to
Definition
nuture
Term
Andropause is often compared to
Definition
menopause
Term
In which of the following activities will a student work on his gross motor skills?
Definition
climbing stairs
Term
In which component of memory does active thinking take place?
Definition
working memory
Term
Overlearning leads to automaticity, which makes it easier to move information into and out of the _______________ for active use more efficiently.
Definition
long term memory
Term
Information comes from the outside world into the ________ ________ in the human brain.
Definition
sensory memory
Term
The information processing system has ______ filters.
Definition
2
Term
Our working memory has a very limited capacity - we can attend to only about ________ items at a time.
Definition
7
Term
One advantage of long-term memory is that we do not have to
Definition
rehearse information to keep it in storage.
Term
What is the term used when we actively focus on certain stimuli to the exclusion of other stimuli?
Definition
attention
Term
Knowledge about one's own learning or about how to learn (thinking about thinking) is called
Definition
metacognition
Term
A major goal of education is to help learners store information in ________ memory and to use that information on later occasions in order to effectively solve problems.
Definition
longterm memory
Term
Skills that can be applied without conscious thought are called:
Definition
automated basic skills
Term
Which of the following is FALSE regarding the cognitive-psychological approach to learning?
Definition
people are generally passive learners
Term
What is the term used to describe the tendency to analyze oneself and one's own thoughts?
Definition
metacognition
Term
Comprehension should precede memorization so one of the best strategies for helping your students learn their material is to make it:
Definition
meaningful
Term
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of "expert" problem solving?
Definition
Experts have misconceptions or intuitive notions about a subject.
Term
Which of the following is FLASE regarding the sensory memory ?
Definition
The sensory register holds information for a long period of time although it is sometimes difficult to access.
Term
Authoritative parents tend to have children who:
Definition
show self-reliance and self-control.
Term
Parents who set firm rules for their children, without explaining why those rules are good, and
who tend to be cold and distant to their children, are known as ______ parents.
Definition
authoritarian
Term
A permissive parent often wants to be seen as the_______.
Definition
friend
Term
Parents who have high expectations and impose firm controls, yet are also warm and responsive to their
children, are known as ______ parents.
Definition
authoritative
Term
How does Kohlberg measure moral reasoning?
Definition
by the reasons a person gives for a decision about moral dilemmas.
Term
Individuals who are focused on the punishment or rewards of their behavior are considered by Kohlberg to be in the preconventional level of morality. True of false?
Definition
true
Term
Which of the following is a criticism of Kohlberg's theory?
Definition
he only researched on men
Term
Joe says he doesn't want to skip school because it's against the rules. At which of Kohlberg's levels of moral development would he be?
Definition
conventional
Term
Sandy is tempted to steal some money. She thinks that she can probably do it without getting caught, but then she realizes that this is a violation of the Ten Commandments, and so she decides not to steal it. At what stage is Sandy reasoning?
Definition
conventional
Term
Tony is trying to select a candidate to vote for in the election. He notices that the candidate favors permitting federal funds to be used for abortions. Tony disagrees with this position, because he feels that life is sacred from the moment of conception. At what stage is Tony reasoning?
Definition
post conventional
Term
Harold is trying to select a candidate to vote for in the election. He notices that the candidate opposes permitting federal funds to be used for abortions. Harold disagrees with this position, because he feels that it is wrong for people to impose on other people their own beliefs regarding issues on which there is legitimate disagreement. At what stage is Harold reasoning?
Definition
post conventional
Term
Mike makes fun of a handicapped child having trouble with his studies in school. He reasons that it is OK to do this, because it will impress the other kids, and he wants them to think he is a neat kid. At what stage is Mike reasoning?
Definition
pre conventional
Term
Rob sees a bully picking on a little kid. He tells the bully to leave the little kid alone, because little kids have rights just like everyone else, and it's not fair for people to push people around just because they are smaller. At what stage is Rob reasoning?
Definition
conventional
Term
Jane, a preschooler, insists on dressing herself each morning for school, even though she generally selects mismatching outfits, misses buttons, and wears her shoes on the wrong feet. When her mother tries to dress Jane or fix her outfit, Jane brushes her mother off and insists on doing it herself. What stage of psychosocial development best describes Jane’s behavior?
Definition
initiative vs guilt
Term
The central theme of Erikson’s theory of psychosocial stages was the development of:
Definition
ego identity
Term
At each stage of Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, people experience a(n) _________ that serves as a turning point.
Definition
conflict
Term
The stage that generally occurs between birth and one year of age is concerned with:
Definition
trust vs mistrust
Term
Erikson believed that people move through a series of _______ psychosocial stages throughout the lifespan.
Definition
8
Term
The crisis that arises in young adulthood is concerned with:
Definition
intimacy vs. isolation
Term
According to Erikson, what is the major conflict faced during adolescence?
Definition
identity vs role confusion
Term
Eight-year old Steven has a difficult time making friends at school. He has trouble completing his schoolwork accurately and on time, and as a result, receives little positive feedback from his teacher and parents. According to Erikson’s theory, failure at this stage of development results in _____________?
Definition
feelings of inferiority
Term
The central conflict in the eighth stage of Erikson’s theory focuses on integrity vs. despair and involves reflecting back on your life. Those who are unsuccessful at resolving this conflict will look back with regret, anger, and bitterness. Those who are successful will feel a sense of satisfaction with the life they have lived. According to Erikson, those who are successful in this stage emerge with ______________.
Definition
wisdom
Term
Which two psychologist independently studied attachment:
Definition
John Bowbly and Mary Ainsworth
Term
Separation anxiety is strongest about:
Definition
8 months
Term
Baby Rose is showing empathy. Accordingly to the article “Reading Baby’s Mind”, she could most probably also express
Definition
jealousy
Term
Kimberly shows definite signs of object permanence; we might expect that she should also begin to show:
Definition
a secure attachment pattern
Term
An enduring emotional connection between people is known as:
Definition
attachment
Term
A key difference between temperament & personality is that:
Definition
personality is more stable than temperament.
Term
Secure attachment is directly correlated with the promotion of:
Definition
dependency
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