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| States power to control space or territory and shape the foreign policy of individual states and international political relations |
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| portrays the state as behaving like a biological organism, with its growth and change seen as “natural” and inevitable |
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| Exclusionary boundaries are designed to control people and resources outside the boundaries |
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| follow the concept of place-making and territoriality. Most boundaries are inclusionary |
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| the delimited area over which a state exercises control and is recognized by other states |
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| an area at the edge or beyond a settled region |
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| is a group of people sharing certain elements of culture, such as religion, language, history, or political identity |
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| is an independent political unit with recognized boundaries, even if some of these boundaries are in dispute |
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| refers to an ideal form of consisting of a homogeneous group of people governed by their own state |
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| is the feeling of belonging to a nation, as well as the belief that a nation has a natural right to determine its own affairs |
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| allocates power to units of local government within a country. U.S. is a federal state. |
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| power is concentrated in the central government |
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| strengthen and unify something |
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| divide or pull something apart |
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| is the extension of state authority over the political and economic life of other territories |
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| is a form of imperialism in that it involves the formal establishment and maintenance of rule by a sovereign power over a foreign population through the establishment of settlements |
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| through colonization of Africa, south America, parts of the pacific, asia, and smaller territories scattered through-out the southern hemisphere resulted in a political geographic division of the world into north and south. |
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| is a discourse that positions the west as culturally superior to the east. |
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| the reacquisition by colonized peoples of the control over their own territory. |
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| Mackinder’s Heartland Theory |
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| highlighted the importance of geography to world political and economic stability and conflict |
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| refers to the gulf between communist and non-communist countries, respectively. |
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| supranational organization |
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| is a collection of individual states with a common goal that may be economic and/or political in nature |
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| an international organization whose stated aims are facilitating cooperation in international law, international security, economic development, social progress, human rights, and the achievement of world peace. |
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| NAFTA: North American Free Trade Agreement |
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| trade agreement signed by the governments of Canada, Mexico, and the US creating a trilateral trade bloc in north America. |
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| NATO: North Atlantic Treaty Organization |
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| an intergovernmental military alliance based on the North Atlantic Treaty. |
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| aims to create a common geographical space within Europe in which goods, services, people, and information flow freely and in which a single monetary currency prevails |
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| is the process of allocating electoral seats to geographical areas |
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| the defining and redefining of territorial district boundaries. |
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| the practice of redistricting for partisan purposes, boundaries of districts are redrawn to advantage a particular political party or candidate or to prevent or ensure a loss of power of a particular subpopulation. |
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| How much of world’s population is in cities |
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| The Four fundamental aspects of the role of towns and cities |
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| mobilizing; decision-making; generative; and transformative |
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| a rigid rurally oriented form of economic and social organization |
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| new phase of urbanization based on regional specializations and trading patterns |
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| are those that serve as a link between one country or region and others because of their physical situation. Examples Rio De Janeiro and Buenos Aires. |
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| is seen at the time as the embodiment of surprising and disturbing changes in economic, social, and cultural life. Examples Chicago and Manchester |
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| are those that were deliberately established or developed as administrative or commercial centers by colonial or imperial powers |
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| when the population of the largest city in an urban system is disproportionately large in relation to the second and third largest cities in that system. |
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| cities like London and Buenos Aires |
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| have played key roles in organizing space beyond their own national boundaries |
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| which occurs when cities grow more rapidly than they can sustain jobs and housing |
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| are residential developments on land that is neither owned nor rented by its occupants |
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| are very large cities characterized by both primacy and a high degree of centrality within their national economy |
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| of an economy involves a wide variety of economic activities whose common feature is that they take place beyond official record and are not subject to formalized systems of regulation or remuneration |
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| involves a decline in industrial employment in core regions as firms scale back their activities in response to lower levels of profitability |
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| when jobs and people from larger to smaller cities within the urban systems of core countries, and from metropolitan cores to suburban and ex-suburban fringes |
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| occurs when cities experience a net loss of population to smaller towns and rural areas |
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| involving the growth of population in metropolitan central cores following a period of absolute or relative decline in population. |
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| invasion of older, centrally-located, working class neighborhoods by higher-income households seeking the character and convenience of less expensive and well-located residences |
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