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| the identification of place by some precise and accepted system of coordinates. expresses location independent of others |
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| the position of a place in relation to that of other places or activities. expresses spatial interconnection and interdependence and may carry social and economic implications |
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| based on north, south, east, west |
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| an absolute location concept, refers to the physical and cultural characteristics and attributes of the place itself. a place's characteristics |
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| refers to the external relations of a locale. it is an expression of relative location with particular reference to items of significance to the place in question. a place in reference to other places |
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| the spatial separation between two points on the earth's surface measure by some accepted standard unit such as miles or kilometers for widely separated locales |
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| any measure of what it takes to overcome the separation between places, can be money, effort, distance, traffic – not just moving people, but freight, ideas, information, et |
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| culturally based and locationally variable. ex) "out west", "back east", "near east" |
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| local, regional, global. size of unit. mathematical relationship between the size on an area on a map and the actual size of the mapped area on the surface of the earth. implies degree of generalization represented |
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attributes provide the setting within which h
uman action occurs. they help shape how people live |
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| the visible expression of human activity |
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| statement of the amound of spread of a phenomenon over an area. it tell us not about how many or how much but how far things are spread out |
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| the measure of the number or quantity of anything within a defined unit of area |
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| the increasing interconnection of peoples and societies in all parts of the world as the full range of social, cultural, political, economic, and environmental processes becomes international in scale and effect |
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| the arrangement of items on the earth's surface |
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| geometric arrangement of objects |
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| cartography, remote sensing, geographic info systems and statistical analysis |
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| activity, culture, societies |
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| study of land forms, soils, water (rivers, wells) atmosphere, clouds, plants, animals, etc (earth/life science) – “natural” geography |
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| reflect feelings and images rather than objective date and because of that may be more meaningful in the lives and actions of those who recognize them than are the more abstract regions of geographers |
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| geographic information systems (GIS) |
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| is both a software package for handling, processing, and analyzing geographical data and a computer database in which every item of information is tied to a precise geographic location |
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| involves dividing the study area into a set of rectangular cells and describing the content of each cell |
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| the precise location of each object - point, line, or area - in a distribution is described. |
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| images about an area or an environment developed by an individual on the basis of information or impressions received, interpreted, and stored |
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| simplified abstraction of reality, structured to clarify causal relationships |
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| the method chosen to represent the earth's curved surface as a flat map |
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| detecting the nature of an object and the content of an area from a distance |
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| earth areas that display significant elements of internal uniformity and external difference from surrounding territories |
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| discreet entities with boundaries, separated from each other by space that can be thought of as empty |
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| conceived of as a continuously varying surface on the earth that exhaustively covers the earth’s surface (no space) |
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| the network of parallels and meridians of the globe grid |
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| all geographic features are actually 3d, there is no such thing as a point or a line |
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| region defined by one or more objectively measurable variables - ex. soil type, culture - typically vague, not uniform |
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| Areas defined by connections, interaction over space, ex) area served by an airport |
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| How people organize places in their minds, often culturally shared |
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| an imaginary line passing through the Royal Observatory at Greenwich, England, serving by agreement as the 0* line of longitude |
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| an east-west line of latitude indicating distance north or south of the equator |
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| an origin, destination, or intersection in a communication network |
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| a form of diffusion in which spread of an innovation can proceed either upward or downward through a hierarchy |
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| the place names of a region or the study of place names |
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| a religion that claims global truth and applicability and seeks the conversion of all humankind - islam, christianity, buddhism |
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| a map projection that retains correct shapes of small areas; lines of latitude and longitude cross at the right angles and scale is the same in all directions at any point on the map |
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| a true conformal cylindrical projection useful for navigation, published in 1569 |
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| maps that shows accurate identities of a variety of features. ex) isoline contour map |
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| lines of some equal value of some quantitative variable, ex: elevation |
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| specific purpose maps, show the distribution of one or a few variables (or themes), graph maps |
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| - take the quantitative level of some variable by filling in the regions with some color or filling |
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| changes the size of a region to indicate the variable |
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| - take the quantitative level of some variable by filling in the regions with some color or filling |
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| changes the size of a region to indicate the variable |
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| proportional area symbols |
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| visualization is a very powerful mode of knowledge acquisition, provide convenient scales and viewed perspectives, highlight and clarify relevant properties and omit irrelevant information |
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| selective presentation, generalization, graphical clarity, scale, projection, potentially misleading symbolism |
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| averaging over detail, straight and linear features, not all road curves are shown, etc. areas are homogenized, a climate region is shown in one color as if everything is identical but there is variation, boundaries are depicted as sharp when they may be fuzzy |
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| intentionally distortion in order to make things clearer |
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| everything is related to everything else, but closer things are more related than distant things |
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| the fact that very often interaction between two places tends to decrease with distance increase |
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| movement of data, ideas, information |
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| moving things, not people - commodity exchange, buying, selling, trading |
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| it costs more to go further, familiarity, interest: people care more about closer things |
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| Nodes (point like entities) and Links (linear features that connect the nodes) – facilitate interaction – system of places and connections along which interaction is facilitated- nodes can be hierarchical – hierarchy of nodes within a network means that some nodes are more important than other nodes, they attract more interaction (ex, larger cities, LAX (airports)) |
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| officially language as it is to be spoken for use in education, administration, business and so on. Dialect that has become dominant. Castillian Spanish became the dominant way to speak Spanish. Standard language is not really a linguistic term but a social and political term. |
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| three scholarly traditions of geography |
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| literary (writing or reading about a place), cartography (maps), mathematical |
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| oldest, cartography, a description of specific places or regions, looks at both natural and human landscape, typically in a comprehensive fashion |
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| new, analysis of specific topics (like river or economic systems) as they apply across regions. |
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| (dispersed - more spread out than you expect to happen by chance, no distribution is impossible, but many are unlikely)– dispersed, scattered, disaggregated, dis-agglomerated, clutered (more so than is very likely by chance alone) |
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| spatial association (covaryation) |
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| two variables covarying in location, if you map out the distribution of one feature and another, the patterns seem to go together (Ex, texas, religion and alcohol legality) |
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| the actual size of a feature or process in reality, countries are usually bigger than counties, etc. face to face conversations over short distances, telephone conversations over longer distances |
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| the size at which we measure and study features and processes, ex. Geographers use data from the US census, the census only prevents a variable at the lever of the census track (5000ppl) |
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| map size relative to the part of the earth that is represented. (lengthxlength) |
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| characteristics of regions |
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| location, size, boundary (vague or sharp), hierarchically organized, boundaries vary in permeability |
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| bumpy, oblate (a little bit wider (in diameter) going across the equator, than from the north to south pole) spheroid, 8000 miles in diameter, 25,000 mile circumference, 27 miles longer across equator than from pole to pole |
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| land area and water area on earth's surface |
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| a. Information About the Earth and Earth Phenomena – stored, displayed, analyzed – traditionally it was in maps and descriptions, today we refer to digital images and data bases. |
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| a type of remote sensing, standard photographic film detects reflected energy within the visible portion of the electromagnetic spectrum |
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| bumpy, oblate (a little bit wider (in diameter) going across the equator, than from the north to south pole) spheroid, 8000 miles in diameter, 25,000 mile circumference, 27 miles longer across equator than from pole to pole |
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| Physical (walls, mountains, oceans, etc); Social and cultural (area you’re not allowed to go to, different social class or language, etc); Psychological (ignorance, fear, etc) |
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| Nodes (point like entities) and Links (linear features that connect the nodes) – facilitate interaction – system of places and connections along which interaction is facilitated- nodes can be hierarchical – hierarchy of nodes within a network means that some nodes are more important than other nodes, they attract more interaction (ex, larger cities, LAX (airports)) |
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| space - time convergence (compression) |
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| Effective reduction in the friction of distance |
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| Model that is expressed in terms of mathematical equations or computer programs; 3. Calculations run as a way of simulating reality happening…then you get an output – is a result of the computational step. You compare that output to actual observations of reality and see how close they are and which features are close and which aren’t. study differences and see how the discrepancies suggest how the model is good and how the model needs improvement |
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| the simplest explanation works the best |
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| i. Interaction depends on separation between distances. Places that are further apart have less interaction. The model of social interaction is analogous to the physical pull between to physical objects. Measure the mass of places- certain places pull more interaction, distance being equal. Population size in a city can quantify pull. |
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| Reilly's breaking point law |
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| BP (from I) = Dij/(1+square root of (P^j/P6i) |
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4. Social: the amount of interaction between places I and J = K(scaling constant – number of vacation units, etc))[(P(population)^1)(P^j)]/D (to exponent Beta) ^ij (exponent depends on the domain of interaction – variable so we use greek letter Beta [B])
a. Distance can be dollars, hours, minutes, depends on the most relevant measure |
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| conscious or unconscious, knowledge and beliefs: thinking, reason, memory, language, learning |
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| refers to emotions, moods, attitudes, evaluative (like or dislike) response |
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| coordinated and goal oriented activity |
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| residential relocation: finding a new place to live |
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| Going somewhere with the intent of returning home |
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| places you go on a day to day basis, temporary travel |
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| activity space centers around home |
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activity space of criminals
1. Marauder – commits crime near home
2. Commuter – goes somewhere else to commit crime |
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| actual location of a person at certain times |
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| potential location at certain times of the day |
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| the amount of time we can spend at a place doing something - including travel time and distance |
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knowledge of the layout of the environment
i. Change with experience/age/travel
ii. Sketch map
iii. Functional – organize our travel with space |
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| knowing where you are and where you’re going |
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| coordinated travel through the environment to a specific destination |
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| the awareness we have, as individuals, of home and distance places and the beliefs we hold about them. involves our feelings and understandings, reasoned or irrational, about the natural and cultural characteristics of an area and about its opportunity structure |
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| people like where they live better than other places, especially neighboring places |
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| a. Socially shared and transmitted (not genetic, passed down patterns of beliefs, behaviors, and material artifacts |
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| refer to beliefs, ideas, knowledge – creation story, language, body of beliefs about the natural world, ethical or moral systems – mentifact (piece of ideological culture) |
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| material objects and the techniques for using them – cooking utensils and how to cook, etc. artifact |
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| social patterns and rituals, kinship systems – how people are related, mating systems – who gets to date who and how do you go about getting married, etc, social hierarchy – who has the power? |
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| mixture of two or more cultures |
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| number of languages worldwide |
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| 200 languages have a least 1 million primary speakers, mandarin, english, spanish, hindi, portuguese, bengali, russian, japanese |
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| Languages grouped into larger units – ex) indo-European |
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| no longer being taught to children and no living person of that culture speaks it |
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| simplified combination language used as a second language by two cultures for specific purposes such as commerce |
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| grows from a pidgin language, children create it |
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| a specific system of belief, concerning divinity or the divine. Often involving ritual, a code of ethics, philosophy of life, various sociological and material aspects of culture. |
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| a specific system of belief, concerning divinity or the divine. Often involving ritual, a code of ethics, philosophy of life, various sociological and material aspects of culture. |
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| are variations in every day speech that are mutually comprehensible. Based on social class, regional isolation |
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| 1. Judaism, Hinduism – non proselytizing religion, mostly diffuse through relocation diffusion – when people move. |
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| tribal (traditional) religion |
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| small, local religious practice w/close ideological belief ties to the natural world, often exhibiting a belief in a practice called Animism |
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innovators - the creators of a new trait within a cultural group
laggarts - the last people adopt the new trait, or who don't adopt it at all |
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| people move and take cultural traits with them so the cultural traits spread across the earth |
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| people encounter people who don’t know about the cultural trait and tell them about it and they adopt it |
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| when the transmittal of the innovation shows distance decay patterns |
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| hierarchical nodes – things might end up there without going through less important nodes |
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| two cultures that are similar innovated independently |
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| there is a random process – predicts the overall pattern of diffusion |
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hagerstrand was studying a farm subsidy program and its diffusion into the 1970s. the gvmt would pay farmers to plant or not plant things. Studied how farmers learned about it and decided to adopt it. Model of contagious expansion diffusion. Do they adopt it and where are they located?
Theoretical model to explain the process of how innovations become diffused, that is how new ideas spread over a region. |
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| hagerstrand is assuming that the earth’s surface is flat w/no directional barrier. Innovation can diffuse in any direction equally easily. Evenly distributed and culturally uniform |
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| It generally takes the form of a square grid of 25 cells, with each cell being assigned a probability of being contacted. The possibility of contact is very high in the central cells from which the diffusion takes place, becoming markedly less so with distance from the centre, that is, there is a distance decay effect. |
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| technology and distance decay |
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| technology is decreasing distance decay because distance is getting smaller due to tech. ex. internet. |
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| language on its way to extinction because it is not being taught to children |
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