• How birth rates and death rates change over time; 1) high birth and death rate 2) death rate declines 3) birth rate declines.
• Global transition is faster than European transition
  • global = thirty years for deaths to drop globally
  • Europe = one hundred years for deaths to drop.

1. When is always needing more too much for the natural world and society?
2. Can we meet our consumption needs using less materials and energy?
3. When are we satisfied with what we have and don’t need more?

Population                                                  Consumption

-Simpler/easier to study                               -More complex

-Well-funded research                        - Unfunded, except marketing

-Consensus terms, trends                        -Uncertain terms/trends

-Consensus policies                                -Threatening policies

the market is valued and organizes the people’s lives, helping to define its culture.

• coined by Rudyard Kipling
• describes imperialism as an unselfish way to spread the benefits of the West’s culture to uncivilized people
• shows that the West wants to share its “superior” culture and “develop” the world.

Globalization results in international collaboration and business.

= People are exposed to different cultures.

1.  individualism
2. self-interest
3. a fact-base knowledge instead of one derived from experience
4. unquenchable wants
5. the assumption that a country's libertarian rule over individuals is superior

1. communities should be able to set and live by the culture of their choice
2. what the West sees as liberating and enlightening is actually spreading a culture that is problematic even for the Westerners

a group of many metropolises,  which are the non-rural parts of cities, including their downtowns and suburbs

Gross Domestic Product”; the total value per year of a country’s products, services, and the citizens’ income through external sources (like foreign investments)

“Human Development Index”

A summary of data involving people’s

1. health
2. education
3. standard of living in a country

a term used by developing countries accusing the developed world of following the same economic patterns as were followed during the colonial era

• the colonies (now the developing countries) supplied raw materials to the imperialistic countries (now the developed countries), giving those countries the advantage and a “head-start” in becoming developed.

if no energy is brought in or expelled from a system, the amount of usable energy in a system will decrease as it is used up

a reference and model based on developed areas’ (like Western Europe’s) experiences of how population changes as a country becomes more developed

(high birth and death rates are followed by lower death rates, which is later matched by birthrates)

• the same as Thomas Malthus’s Malthusian Theory but applicable today
  • food production won’t be able to keep up with our increasing population
  • war, disease, and famine will occur as a result
  • having less kids will keep the population in check.

the indirect effects on something as a result of economic activity

1. East Asia
2. South Asia
3. Europe
4. Eastern North America

Many countries in Africa, such as Kenya, Senegal, and Zimbabwe

• the peripheries satisfy the cores’ needs (by supplying farm goods, for example)

• globalization
  • subsidies in richer countries can increase those country’s exports instead of poorer country’s exports, widening the economic gap
• neo-colonialism
• advantage, or lack of
• governmental mismanagement
  • could get countries into debt.

 Less Developed Countries

• high birth rate
•  fairly high, though dropping, death rate
  • results in an increase in population (more people are being born than are dying)
  • a lot of the population is young and will eventually contribute to the population with their own kids.

More Developed Countries

• both low birth rates and low death rates
• most of the population will be middle-aged, so the population will continue to grow because there are still many people having kids.
• Peoples’ life spans would be longer, so people would be part of the population for a longer time.

the population change rate (natural increase percent):

subtract the area’s death rate (the number of deaths per 1000 people) from its birth rate (the number of live births per 1000 people) and divide by 1000.

To translate this last number into a percentage, multiply it by 100.

BR - DR    x 100 = natural increase percent

1000

• Garret Hardin
• Compared people in an almost completely occupied lifeboat to rich countries.
  • Lifeboat was surrounded by poor countries and people.
  • If the richer countries tried to help them by letting them on board (which is a metaphor for sharing resources), everyone will end up drowning because the lifeboat can’t support that many countries/people.