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| study of spatial organization of human activity and of peoples relationships with their environments |
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| large scale geographic divisions based on continental and physiographic settings that contain major groupings of peoples with broadly similar cultural attributes |
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| supranational organizations |
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collections of individual states with common goal that may be economic and/or political in nature and that dimish individual state sovereignty in favor of the group interests of the membership..NAFTA
** help to diminish state sovereignty in favor of group interests** |
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| increasing interconnectedness of different parts of the world through common processes of economic, environmental, political, and cultural change |
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| open markets and free trade will promote democracy and human rights, end nation-state and denationalization of economies, decrease national gov't influence and increase liberalism |
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| economic policies that are predicated on a minimalist role for the state; free markets |
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| nat'l gov't is essential to regulation of int'l economic activity; regionalization instead of globalization world less integrated than it was b/c europe, n.a, japan, rule world economy and limit others involvment |
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| globalization is leading to increasing social stratification, 3 tiered system "elites, embattled, marginalizted", increase wealth disparities, believe in interconnectivity |
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| a form of economic and social organization characterized by the profit motive and the control of the means of production, distribution, and exchange of goods by private ownership |
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| studying geographic phenomena in terms of their arrangement as points, lines, areas, or surfaces on a map |
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| geographic information systems (GIS) |
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| organized set of computer hardware, software, and spatially coded data that is designed to capture, store, update, manipulate, and display geographically referenced information |
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often nominal, expressed in terms of the names given to regions and places; can also be an absolute concept
latitude...parallel to equator
longitude...east/west from prime meridian
site..physical attributes
situation...location in realation to other places
cognitive...mental maps |
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absolute: physical measure (miles)
relative: terms of time, effort, cost |
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groups of areal units that have a high degree of homogeneity
ex. religion, income |
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| (nodal region) while there may be some variety in attributes, there is an overall coherance to the structure and dynamic of economy, politics, and social |
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| feelings evoked among people resulting from the experiences/memories they associate with the place and to the symbolism they attach to it |
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| represent particular values or aspirations that the builders and financers of those landscapes want to portray |
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| "vernacular landscapes"..everyday landscapes that people create in lives together, influence and change perceptions, values, behaviors of those living in it |
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taken for granted pattern/context for everyday living that people do unconsciously
ex. vocab, dress, gestures...helps everyday sense of place |
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| shared meanings that are derived from the lived experience of everyday practices |
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| allows us to understand changing patterns, processes, and relationships among people, places, regions |
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economic/political strategies by which powerful states indirectly manifest/extend influence over other areas of people
*transnational corporations |
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| environmental determinism |
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belief that social/cultural differences between human groups can ultimately be traced to differences in physical environment
land shapes culture..ie. hot climate = lazy people |
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| idea that ones own race/culture superior to otheres |
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| deliberate exercise of military power and economic influence by powerful states in order to advance/secure nat'l interests..control over foreign places |
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Scramble for Africa...carve up continent of Africa and disperse among countries to avoid war
*capitalism drives colonialism in Africa
*redrew map of Africa while disregarding human geography of it already existing |
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regions that dominate trade, control the most advanced technology, highly productive/diverse economy
*dominance depends on exploiting other regions
*wealthy countries...US, W. Euro, Japan |
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dependant/disadvantageous trade relationships, obsolete technology, undeveloped or narrowly specialized economy
*most of world
*domianted by core region via neo-colonialism/imperialism |
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regions that are able to exploit peripheral regions but are themselves dominated and exploited by core regions
ex. Mexico |
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| society with single cultural base and reciprocal social economy -- specialization and freely giving leftober to to others who reciprocate |
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| interdependant set of countries linked by political and economic competition |
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| physical settlement in new territory of people from colonizing state |
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| law of diminishing returns |
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| productivity decrease with increase of capital/labor |
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| system of practical and theoretical knowledge about making distinctive visual representations of Earth's surface in forms of maps |
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| deliberate exercise of military power and economic influence by powerful states in order to advance and secure their national interests |
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| establishment and maintenence of political and legal domination by a state over a seperate and alien society..economic exploitation |
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network of labor and production processes where end result = commodity
*often entirely internal to global operations of transnational corps.
MASS MARKETED PRODUCTS
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| environmental determinism |
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| human activity controlled by environment, physical attributes of geographical settings are the root of physical differences (skin color, stature) and peoples economic vitality, cultural activity, and social structure |
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| 2 levels..Belgians = colonial rulers of Nation BUT Tutsi's = superior to Hutu, racial heirarchy |
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census when Belgians came to power
*earned card based on ethnicity/RACE
*saw Tutsi as superior -"more white"
*social construction |
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Rwanda needs to become democratic, majority rule
preparing their supporters for a future political conflict to be conducted entirely on ethnic lines |
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Plane carrying Hutu President shot down
*started genocide |
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Hutu extremist militia
*training camps for 3 weeks on how to mass kill |
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85% population, come from S&W, farmers..crops
under Tutsi from dual colonialism |
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| 12% population, come from N&E, "upper class" cattle farmers |
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| 1% population, "pigme", natives, hunters/gatherers |
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| study of characteristics of human populations |
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| straightforward count of # of people in country, region, city...developed by ancient Romans to obtain info for tax collection |
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| representation of population based on its composition according to age/sex |
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| research on famine in India, survied the famine, got Nobel Prize in economics for work |
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theory of population related to food supply
An Essay on the Principal of Population
*food is necessary to the existance of human beings
*the passion between the sexes is necessary/constant |
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people today who share Malthus' thoughts
predict population doomsday
*believe growing population is going to exhaust Earth's supply of resources |
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(1945-1965) massive birth rate increase
*economy booming, GI Bill = soldiers buy homes, education
*technology increase, able to have more kids
*largest portion of population |
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people forced to migrate against their own will
ex. 9/11 bombings |
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| move to particular location |
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| internally displaced persons (IDPs) |
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people who are uprooted within the boundaries of their own country because of conflict or human rights abuse
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events/conditions that lead individual to leave location
ex. war, decrease economy |
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forces of attraction that influence migrants to move to that location
ex. personal interests
job opportunity |
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| individuals who cross nat'l boundaries to seek safety and asylum |
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remove most barriers to trade and investion among US, Canada, and Mexico
*cheap agribusinesses ..but mexi farmers out of business
*decrease immigration by stimulating mexieconomy |
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export assembled products back to original country
*aimed to stop immigration but increased turnover rate but of high manual labor |
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