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Definition
| The extent to which the human and natural resources of an area or country have been brought into full productive use. |
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| A level of economic and soial achievement below what could be reached - given the natural and human resources of an area - were necessary capital and technology available. (all terms indicate progression, doesn't look at cause?) Ex: Afghanistan |
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| Explanation of underdevelopment. Simplistic spatial explanation based on environmental determinism. development is characteristic of North (mid-latitudes), Poverty/underdevelopment characteristic of tropical conditions. Also within country (relation to temperature/N/S) |
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| Explanation for underdevelopment. Not always true, some rich countries are "poor" in resources. Ex: |
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| Explanations for Underdevelopment (4) |
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| 1. Brandt Report (N/S) 2. Resource Poverty 3. Overpopulation/crowding 4. Former Colonial Status |
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Sharp territorial contrasts exist in wealth between economic heartlands and outlying subordinate zones.
(Core - USA, Periphery - Haiti) |
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| Modernization theory & 5 stages of developing economies |
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| Theory of development. assumes that if conditions in the First World were replicated in the Third World, development would occur. Stages: 1. Traditional societies 2. Preconditions for takeoff 3. Takeoff 4. Drive to maturity 5. Age of mass consumption |
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| A Marxist based theory that explains how poor nations are exploited by rich ones. The poor countries (periphery) supply primary products to the core. Industry in periphery are owned by core – stifles innovation. Economic aid does not help! (economic reliance). Ex: Haiti (foreign aid, France now USA) |
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| The total value of goods and services produced by a country per year plus net income earned abroad by it’s nationals: formerly called Gross National Product. (per capita) |
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| Purchasing Power Parity. A monetary measurement that takes account of what money actually buys in each country.Ex: Burgernomics. |
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| Non-Economic Measure of Development (4) |
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Definition
| 1. Education/literacy 2. Poverty/calories/nutrition 3. Quality of Public services 4. Health |
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| development which meets the needs of present generations without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. 8 MDG's (Millenium Development Goals). Also, strengths/weaknesses. |
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| Human Development Index. UN. COmbines Purchasing power (adjusted GDP per capita), Life expectancy (from birth), Literacy (adult literacy and mean years of schooling). (top of list = Norway) |
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| Human Poverty Index. Same as HDI, but measures deprivation. (Niger very low) |
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| What are some of the key principles associated with sustainable development? |
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Definition
| Balance, Ecosystem, Partnerships, Precautionary Principle |
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A summary of weather conditions over in a place or region over a period of time.
Importance: Defines natural ecosystems, impact national psyche. Ex: Ice storm in Quebec. |
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| IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) |
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Definition
1988. Assesses and synthesizes the policy relevant results of peer-reviewed published research.
Adapting to climate change:Mitigations and Adaptation
Endorses Precautionary Principle |
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| Long-range transboundary air pollution (LRTAP): Acid Rain |
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Definition
| natural/synthetic chemicals in atmosphere (pollution) that is dispersed throughout globe creates acid rain. Traceable to actions taken in previous decades (Ex: Sudbury - Killarney (Nellie lake) |
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| Tropical Deforestation - why is this a global concern? Local? |
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Definition
Global: 1. Maintenance of oxygen and carbon balance
2. Climate
3. Biodiversity
Local: protect/regulate water and soil erosion |
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| Process of removal of soil particles from the ecosystem, usually by wind or running water. Under natural conditions, soil replaces erosion. |
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| What has been done about soil erosion? |
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Definition
| Rotation, fallowing, terracing |
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| Why do we produce so much garbage today? |
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Definition
| growing pop, rising income, changing consumption patterns, increase in disposable items, and packaging |
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Definition
| waste-to-energy option of burning refuse to produce steam or electricity that usually involves sorting, recapturing and recycling rubbish components. (produces air pollution) |
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| refers to materials that can cause death or serious injury to humans and animals |
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| broader term referring to all wastes, including toxic ones, that pose an immediate or long term human health risk or endanger the environment. |
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| Studies the effects of location and climate upon health in order to improve our understanding of various factors that affect the health of people and societies. Health = Physical/psychological/social well being. It is subjective. Ex: exposure to hazardous waste = spatial. Importance? Spatial aspect of health care - health care planning, services .. |
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| The study of how people earn their living, how livelihood systems vary by area and how economic activities are spatially interrelated and linked. (spatial variation of production, exchange, and consumption) |
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| All aspects of production/manufacturing/disposal all done under one umbrella (one company) - American Apparel |
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| Maximum sustainable yield |
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Definition
| Maximum volume or rate of use that will not impair it's ability to be renewed or to maintain the same future productivities. |
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| Transnational corporations |
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Definition
| Private firms that have establshed branch operations in nations foreign to their headquarters country. Mostly secondary industry. Mostly advanced countries own TNCs. Exploitation, domination economies,... |
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