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Definition
| condition of roughly equal strength between opposing countries or alliances of countries |
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| invisible line that marks the extent of a state's territory |
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| a sovereign state comprising of a city and its immediate hinterland |
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| attempt by one country to establish settlements and to impose its political, economic, and cultural principles in another territory |
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| territory that is legally tied to a sovereign state rather than completely independent |
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| state in which the distance from the center to any boundary does not vary significantly |
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| state with a long, narrow shape |
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| an internal organization of a state that allocates most powers to the units of local government |
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| country that includes several discontinuous pieces of territory |
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| process of redrawing legislative boundaries for the purpose of benefiting the party in power |
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| country that does not have a direct outlet to the sea |
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| country that completely surrounds another one |
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| ability of a state to govern its territory free from control of its internal affairs by other states |
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| area organized into a political unit and ruled by an established government with control over its internal and foreign affairs |
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| an internal organization of a state that places most power in the hands of central government officials |
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| process of improvement in the material conditions of people through diffusion of knowledge and technology |
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| alternative in international trade that emphasizes small businesses, worker-owned, and democratically run cooperatives. requires employers to pay workers fair wages, permit union organizing, and comply with minimum environmental and safety standards |
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Term
| foreign direct investment |
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Definition
| investment made by a foreign company in the economy of another country |
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Term
| GEM: Gender Empowerment Measure |
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Definition
| Compares the ability of women and men to participate in economic and political decision making |
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Term
| GDI: Gender-related Development Index |
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Definition
| compares the level of development of women with that of both sexes |
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Term
| HDI: Human Development Index |
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Definition
| constructed by the united nations as an indicator of the level of development for each country when combining income, literacy, education, and life expectancy |
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Definition
| percentage of a country's people who can read and write |
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Definition
| portion of the economy concerned with the direct extraction of materials from earth's surface, generally through agriculture, although sometimes by mining, fishing, and forestry |
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| value of a particular product compared to the amount of labor needed to make it |
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| portion of the economy concerned with manufacturing useful products through processing, transforming, and assembling raw materials |
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| economic policies imposed on LDCs by international agencies to create conditions encouraging international trade, such as reducing gov spending, controlling inflation, selling publicly owned utilities to private corporations, and eliminating governmental waste and corruption |
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Definition
| portion of the economy concerned with transportation, communications, and utilities, sometimes extended to the provision of all goods and services to people in exchange for payment |
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| gross value of the product minus the costs of raw materials and energy to produce it |
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| commercial agricultural concerns often owned by larger corps and characterized by the integration of different steps into the larger food-processing industry |
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Definition
| deliberate effort to modify a portion of earth's surface through the cultivation of crops and the raising of livestock for sustenance of economic gain |
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Term
| clustered rural settlement |
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Definition
| a rural settlement in which the houses and farm buildings of each family are situated close to each other and fields surround the settlement |
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Definition
| the practice of rotating the use of different fields from crop to crop each year to avoid exhausting the soil |
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| dispersed rural settlement |
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Definition
| rural settlement pattern characterized by isolated farms rather than clustered villages |
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Definition
| rapid diffusion of new agricultural technology, especially new high-yield seeds and fertilizers |
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Term
| intensive subsistence agriculture |
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Definition
| a form of subsistence agriculture in which farmers must expend a relatively large amount of effort to produce the maximum feasible yield from a parcel of land |
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Definition
| form of subsistence agriculture based on herding domesticated animals |
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Definition
| large farm in tropical and subtropical climates that specializes in the production of one or two crops for sale, usually to a more developed country |
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Definition
| form of commercial agriculture in which livestock graze over an extensive area |
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Definition
| system of planting crops on ridge tops in order to reduce farm production costs and promote greater soil conservation |
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Definition
| reproduction of plants through annual introduction of seeds, which are the result of sexual fertilization |
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Definition
| a form of subsistence agriculture in which people shift activity from one field to another; each field is used for crops for a relatively few years and left fallow for a relatively long period |
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Term
| slash-and-burn agriculture |
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Definition
| another name for shifting cultivation, so named because fields are cleared by slashing the vegetation and burning the debris |
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Definition
| agriculture designed primarily to provide food for direct consumption by the farmer and family |
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Definition
| the level of development that can be maintained in a country without depleting resources to the extent that future generations will be unable to achieve a comparable level of development |
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Definition
| patch of land cleared for planting through slashing and burning |
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Definition
| commercial gardening and fruit farming; term derived from truck, a Middle English word meaning bartering or the exchange of commodities |
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Definition
| reproduction of plans by direct cloning from existing plants |
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Definition
| rice planted on dry land in a nursery and then moved to a deliberately flooded field to promote growth |
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Definition
| a location where transfer is possible from one mode of transportation to another |
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Definition
| industry in which the final product weighs more or comprises a greater colume than the inputs |
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Definition
| industry in which the final product weighs less or comprises a lower volume that the inputs |
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Definition
| manufacturing based in homes rather than in a factory, commonly found prior to the industrial revolution |
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Definition
| form of mass production in which each worker is assigned one specific task to perform repeatedly |
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Term
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Definition
| series of improvements in industrial technology during the 18th century that transformed the process of manufacturing goods |
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Definition
| shipment of parts and materials to arrive at a factory at the time they are needed |
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| industry for which labor costs comprise a high percentage of total expenses |
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Definition
| factories built by u.s. companies in Mexico near the u.s. border to take advantage of much lower labor costs in Mexico |
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Term
| new international division of labor |
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Definition
| transfer of some types of jobs, especially those requiring low-paid, less-skilled workers, from more developed to less developed countries |
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Term
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Definition
| decision by a corportation to turn over much of the responsibility for production to independent suppliers |
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Definition
| adoption by companies of work rules such as the allocation of workers to teams and consensus problem solving |
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Definition
| location characteristics related to the costs of production at the plant, such as land, labor, and capital |
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Term
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Definition
| location characteristics related to the transportation of materials into and from a factory |
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Definition
| industries that sell their products of services primarily to consumers outside the settlement |
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Definition
| services that primarily meet the needs of other businesses, including professional, financial, and transportation |
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Definition
| a market center for the exchange of services by people attracted from the surrounding area |
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| a theory that explains the distribution of services wherein people from surrounding areas are attracted to a market center for the exchange of services |
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Definition
| businesses that provide services primarily o individual consumers, including retail services and education, health, and leisure services |
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Definition
| community's collection of basic industries |
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Definition
| a model that holds that the potential use of a service at a particular location is directly related to the number of people in a location and inversely related to the distance people must travel to reach the service |
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Definition
| the area surrounding a central place from which people are attracted to use the place's goods and services |
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| industries that sell their products primarily to consumers in the community |
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Definition
| largest settlement in a country, if it has more than twice as many people as the second-ranking settlement |
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Definition
| pattern of settlements in a country, such that the largest settlement has more than twice as many people as the second-ranking settlement |
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Definition
| services offered by the gov to provide security and protection for citizens and businesses |
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| range (of a good or services) |
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Definition
| the maximum distance people are willing to travel to use a service |
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Definition
| pattern of settlements in a country, such that the nth largest settlement is 1/n the population of the largest settlement |
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Definition
| minimum number of people needed to support a service |
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Definition
| increase in the percentage and in the number of people living in urban settlements |
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Definition
| legally adding land area to a city in the U.S. |
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Definition
| area delineated by the u.s. bureau of the census for which statistics are published; in urbanized areas, census tracts correspond roughly to neighborhoods |
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Term
| central business district (CBD) |
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Definition
| area of a city where retail and office activities are clustered |
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Definition
| model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are spatially arranged in a series of rings |
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Definition
| process of change in the use of a house from single-family owner occupancy to abandonment |
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Definition
| process of converting an urban neighborhood from a predominantly low-income renter-occupied area to a predominantly middle-class owner-occupied area |
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Term
| micropolitan statistical area |
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Definition
| urbanized area of between 10,000 and 50,000 inhabitants, the county in which it is found, and adjacent counties tied to the city |
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Definition
| model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are arranged around a collection of nodes of activities |
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Definition
| model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are arranged around a series of sectors, or wedges, radiating out from the central business district (CBD) |
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Definition
| legislation and regulations to limit suburban sprawl and preserve farmland |
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Definition
| development of new housing sites at relatively low density and at locations that are not contiguous to the existing built-up area |
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Definition
| area within a city in a less developed country in which people illegally establish residences by erecting homemade structures on land they do not own or rent |
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Definition
| group in society prevented from participating in the material benefits of a more developed society because of a variety of social and economic characteristics |
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Definition
| in the u.s., a central city plus its contiguous, built-up suburbs |
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Definition
| sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides, emitted by burning fossil fuelds, enter the atmosphere-where they combine with oxygen and water to form sulfuric acid and nitric acid-and return to earth's surface |
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Definition
| conversion of sulfure and oxygen oxides to acids that return to earth as acidic rain, snow, or fog |
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Term
| active solar energy systems |
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Definition
| solar energy system that collects and stores energy through the use of mechanical or electrical devices such as photovoltaic cells or flat-place collectors |
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Definition
| concentration of trace substances, such as carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons, and solid particles, at a greater level than occurs in average air |
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Definition
| number of species within a specific habitat |
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Definition
| fuel that derives from plant material and animal waste |
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Definition
| gas used as a solvent, a propellant in aerosols, a refrigerant, and in plastic foams and fire extinguishers |
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Definition
| sustainable use and management of a natural resources through consumption at a less rapid rate than the resource's replacement rate |
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Definition
| metals, including iron ore, that are used in the production of iron and steel |
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Definition
| energy source formed from the residue of plans and animals buried millions of years ago |
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Definition
| creation of energy by joining the nuclei of two hydrogen atoms to form helium |
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Definition
| energy from steams or hot water produced from hot or molten underground rocks |
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Definition
| anticipated increase in earth's temperature, caused by carbon dioxide (emitted by burning fossil fuels) trapping some of the radiation emitted by the surface |
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| power generated from moving water |
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| metals used to make products other than iron and steel |
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Definition
| source of energy that is in finite supply and capable of being exhausted |
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Definition
| unstable form of oxygen that absorbs ultraviolet radiation. the ozone layer is a zone between 15 and 50 km above earth's surface (9 to 30 miles) |
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| passive solar energy systems |
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Definition
| solar energy system that collects energy without the use of mechanical devices |
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Definition
| atmospheric condition formed through a combination of weather conditions and pollution, especially derived from motor vehicle emissions |
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Definition
| solar energy cells, usually made from silicon, that collect solar rays to generate electricity |
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Definition
| amount of energy in deposits not yet identified but thought to exist |
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Definition
| maintenance of a resource in its present condition with as little human impact as possible |
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Definition
| amount of a resource remaining in discovered deposits |
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Definition
| separation, collection, processing, marketing, and reuse of unwanted material |
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Definition
| resource that has a theoretically unlimited supply and is not depleted when used by humans. |
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Definition
| substance in the environment that is useful to people, is economically and technologically feasible to access, and is socially acceptable to use |
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Definition
| place to deposit solid wasate where a layer of earth is bulldozed over garbage each day to reduce emissions of gases and odors from the decaying trash, to minimize fires, and discourage vermin |
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Definition
| farming methods that preserve long-term productivity of land and minimize pollution, typically by rotating soil-restoring crops with cash crops and reducing inputs of fertilizer and pesticides |
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