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Human Geography chapters 7+8
Final exam review
57
Geography
Undergraduate 1
01/19/2012

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Term
core
Definition
Regions that dominate trade, control the most advanced technologies, and have high levels of productivity within diversified economies.
Term
periphery
Definition
regions with undeveloped or narrowly specialized economies with low levels of productivity.
Term
GDP
Definition
estimate of the total value of all materials, foodstuffs, goods, and services produced by a country in a particular year.
Term
PPP(purchasing power parity)
Definition
measures how much of a common "Market basket" of goods and services each currency can purchase locally, including goods and services that are not traded internationally.
Term
UNDP (united nations development program)
Definition
has devised an overall index of human development based on measures of life expectancy, educational attainment, and personal income.
Term
LDC region/country
Definition
Less developed country: found in periphery and semi periphery regions.
Term
Energy: 
Definition
important resource in terms of the world's economic geography. oild, natural gas, and coal. core regions dominate the world's energy and periphery regions struggle to obtain.
Term
cultivatable land
Definition
more than half of the earth's land surface is unsuitable for any productive farming. core regions are found on the earth's most fertile soil regions, periphery regions are found on unfertile soil.
Term
industrial resources
Definition
high proportion of the world's key industrial resources, basic raw materials, are found in core countries such as, USA, Russia, Canada, and Japan. Political and economical problems have hindered peripherial regions.
Term
Industry origin
Definition
started in late 1700's in the United Kingdom
Term
importance of iron
Definition
coal fields: constant heat, canals + railroads, factories, ore building power.
Term
importance of textiles
Definition
Chemicals: factories, cotton, cloth, bleach, and clothing
Term
importance of food processing...
Definition
pickling, dry-canning, preserving derived from textiles/chemical industry
Term
Industires occupy which US region
Definition

New England: textiles

Mid-Atlantic: chemicals

Mohawk Valley: paper/aluminum

Pittsburgh: steel

Western/great lakes: transport

Term
situation factors
Definition
-minimize cost of transport. bulk reducing; locate near source. bulk gaining; locate closer to consumers.
Term
site factors
Definition
land, labor, capital. unique characteristics @ particular region.
Term
perishable goods
Definition
fresher goods being produced closer to consumers.
Term
• Primary activities:
Definition
are those concerned directly with natural resources of any kind; include agriculture, mining, fishing, and forestry.
Term
• secondary activities:
Definition
are those that process, transform, fabricate, or assemble the raw materials derived from primary activities or that reassemble, refinish, or package manufactured goods.
Term
• tertiary activities:
Definition
are those involving the sale and exchange of goods and services; they include warehousing, retail stores, personal services such as hairdressing, commercial services such as accounting and advertising, and entertainment
Term
• quaternary activities:
Definition
are those dealing with the handling and processing of knowledge and information.
Term
industrial regions
Definition
core countries; such as USA, Canada, Japan, and Russia.
Term
post-industrial regions
Definition
peripheral regions who are becoming larger world powers, such as brazil, South Africa, Australia, EU.
Term
world's largest trading blocs
Definition
o Western Europe, north America, Soviet Union, Japan & East Asian countries, oil-exporting countries.
Term
dependency
Definition
involves a high level of reliance by a country on foreign enterprises, investment, or technology.
Term
elasticity of demand
Definition
: is the degree to which levels of demand for a product or service change in response to changes in price.
Term
debt trap
Definition
: The syndrome of having constantly to borrow in order to fund “development”.
Term
import substitution:
Definition
a attempt to establish a new roles in the international division of labor, moving away from a specialization in primary commodities toward a more diversified manufacturing base.
Term
global assembly line
Definition
At the heart of this process has been the emergence of private companies that participate not only in international trade but also in production. Manufacturing, and/or sales operations in several countries.
Term
Transnational Corporation
Definition
mostly US and European based companies that were concerned with obtaining raw materials. Such as oil or minerals, for their domestic manufacturing operations.
Term
Conglomerate Corporations
Definition
those having diversified into various economic activities, usually through a process of mergers and acquisitions. (Tobacco products; Marlboro).
Term
Fordism
Definition
named after Henry Ford; pioneered principles involved, mass production, based on assembly line techniques and “scientific” management, together with mass consumption, based on higher wages and sophisticated advertising techniques.
Term
Neo-Fordism
Definition
the logic of mass production coupled with mass consumption has been modified by the addition of more flexible production, distribution, and marketing systems.
Term
Flexible production systems
Definition
flexibility is rooted in forms of production that enable manufacturers to shift quickly and efficiently from one level of output to another and, more importantly, from one product configuration to another.
Term
Wal-Mart: The High Cost of Low Prices
Definition
Low prices are attracting large amounts of people from small towns. Wal-mart is taking business away from local businesses by allowing lower prices.
Term
Agriculture:
Definition
is a science, an art, and a business directed at the cultivation of crops and the raising of livestock for sustenance and profit.
Term
Agrarian:
Definition
to describe the way of life that is deeply in the demands of agricultural production.
Term
Subsistence agriculture
Definition
: is a system in which agriculturalists consume all they produce.
Term
Industrial [commercial] agriculture
Definition
a system in which farmers produce crops and animals primarily for the sale rather than for direct consumption by themselves and their families
Term
Shifting cultivation:
Definition
a form of agriculture usually found in tropical forests, famers aim to maintain soil fertility by rotating the fields they cultivate.
Term
Intensive subsistence
Definition
a practice involving the effective and efficient use of a small parcel of land in order to maximize crop yield; a considerable expenditure of human labor and application of fertilizer are also usually involved.
Term
Pastoralism:
Definition
involves the breeding and herding of animals to satisfy the human needs for food, shelter, and clothing.
Term
1st Ag. Revolution
Definition
is recognized as having been founded on the development of seed agriculture and the use of the plow and draft animals.
Term
2nd Ag. revolution
Definition
debate still exists as to where the revolution happened, but most likely it happened at different times in the same century. Started around the industrial revolution in the 1700s.
Term
3rd agricultural revolution
Definition
started in the late nineteenth century and gaining momentum throughout the twentieth century.
Term
Main reasons for the Industrialization of Agriculture…
Definition
Advances in science and technology-including mechanical as well as chemical and biological innovations-have determined the industrialization of agriculture over time.
Term
Biorevolution:
Definition
the genetic engineering of plants and animals with the potential to greatly exceed the productivity improvements of the green revolution.
Term
Biotechnology:
Definition
any technique that uses living organisms to improve, make, or modify plants and animals or to develop microorganisms for specific uses.
Term
Biopharming:
Definition
an application of biotechnology in which genes from other life forms are inserted into the host plant.
Term
Basics of the Green Revolution
Definition
The combination of new machines and institutions, all designed to increase global agricultural productivity.
Term
How it began? (green revolution)
Definition
Effort began in 1943 when the Rockerfeller foundation funded a group of agricultural scientists to set up a research project for Mexico to increase wheat production.
Term
Agribusiness:
Definition
a set of economic and political relationships that organizes agro-food production from the development of seeds to the retailing and consumption of the agricultural product.
Term
Food chain:
Definition
five central and connected sectors with four contextual elements acting as external mediating forces.
Term
Food regime:
Definition
specific set of links that exists among food production and consumption and capital investment and accumulation opportunities.
Term
“Slow Food”:
Definition
attempt to resist fast food by preserving the cultural cuisine and the associated food and farming of an ecoregion.
Term
“Fast Food”:
Definition
edibles that can be prepared and served very quickly, sold in a restaurant and served to customers in packaged form.
Term
Botany of Desire
Definition
Apple, Tulip, Marijuana, and potato.
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