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| the variant of a language that a country's political and intellectual elite seek to promote as the norm for use in schools, government, the media, and other aspects of public life |
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| a set of sounds, combinations of sounds, and symbols that are used for communication |
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| local or regional characteristics of a language |
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| the ability of two people to understand each other when speaking |
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| a set of contiguous dialects in which the dialects nearest to each other at any place in the chain are most closely related |
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| groups of languages with a shared but fairly distant origin |
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| divisions within a language family where the commonalities are more definite and the origin is more recent |
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| a slight change in a word across languages within a subfamily or through a language family from the present backward toward its origin |
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| Proto-Indo-European (language) |
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| linguistic hypothesis proposing the existence of an ancestral indo-european language that is the hearth of the ancient latin, greek, and sanskrit languages which hearth would link modern languages from scandinavia to north africa and from north america through parts of asia to australia |
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| the tracking of sound shifts and hardening of consonants "backward" toward the original language |
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| language without any native speakers |
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| technique using the vocabulary of an extinct language to re-create the language that proceeded the extinct language |
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| language believed to be the ancestral language not only of Proto-Indo-European, but also of the Kartvelian languafes of the southern Caucasus region, the Uralic-Altaic languages (including Hungarian, Finnish, Turkish, and Mongolian), the Dravadian languages of India, and the Afro-Asiatic language family |
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| the opposite of language convergence; a process suggested by German linguist August Schleicher whereby new languages are formed when a language breaks into dialects due to a lack of spacial interaction among speakers of the language and continued isolation of eventually causes the division of language into discrete new languages |
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| the collapsing of two languages into one resulting from the consistent spatial interaction of peoples with different languages; the opposite of language divergence |
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three languages near the first agricultural heart, the FERTILE CRESCENT, give rise to three language families
-Europe's Indo-European Languages
-North African and Arabian languages
-the languages in present day Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, and India |
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| the early speakers of Proto-Indo-European speard westward on horseback, overpowering earlier inhabitants and beginning the diffusion and differentiation of Indo-European tongues |
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| the indo-european languages that arose from Proto-Indo-European were first carried eastward into Southwest Asia, next around the Caspian Sea, and then across the Russion-Ukrainian plains and on into the Balkans |
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languages that lie in the areas that were once controlled by the Roman Empire but were not subsequently overwhelmed
french
spanish
italian
romanian
portugese |
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languages that reflect the expansion of peoples out of Northern Europe to the west and south
english
german
danish
norwegian
swedish |
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languages that developed as Slavic people migrated from a base in present-day Ukraineclose to 2000 years ago
russian
polish
czech
slovak
ukranian
sloventian
serbo-croatian
bulgarian |
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| a COMMON LANGUAGE, or language used among speakers of different languages for the purposes of trade and commerce |
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| when parts of two or more languages are combined in a simplified structure and vocabulary |
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| a language that began as a pidgin language but was later adopeed as he mother tongue by a people in place of the mother tongue |
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| countries in which more than one language is spoken |
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| the language selected to promote internal cohesion, usually the language of the courts and government |
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| a common language of trade and commerce used around the world |
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| the uniqueness of a location |
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