In contrast to folk culture. The practices and meaning systems

 produced by large groups of people whose norms and tastes are often

heterogeneous and change frequently, often in response to commercial

products. Hip-hop would be seen by these theorists as an example of

 popular culture.

A characteristic and tangible outcome of the complex interactions between a human group—with its own practices, preferences, values, and aspirations—and its natural environment. In contrast to natural landscape. It is a “humanized” version of

natural landscape.

The cultural landscape is fashioned from a natural landscape by a cultural group. Culture is the agent, the natural area is the medium, the cultural landscape is the result. Under the influence of a given culture, itself changing through time, the landscape undergoes development, passing through phases, and probably reaching ultimately the end of its cycle of development. With the introduction of a different—that is alien—culture, a rejuvenation of the cultural landscape sets in, or a new landscape is superimposed on remnants of an older one.

A functionally organized way of life characteristic of a particular culture group. A key concept in Vidal de la Blache’s approach to cultural geography in France. Centered on the livelihood practices of groups that were seen to shape physical, social, and psychological bonds.

A single aspect of the complex of routine practices that constitute a particular culture group.

Example: Canon Law for Catholics requires fasting during the holy season of Lent, which seems to be a cultural trait of Catholic people.

The combination of traits characteristic of a particular group.

An area where certain cultural practices, beliefs, or values are more or less practiced by the majority of the inhabitants.

A collection of interacting components that, taken together, shape a group’s collective identity. It includes traits, territorial affiliation, and shared history, as well as other, more complex elements, such as language and religion. In a cultural system it is possible for internal variations to exist in particular elements at the same time that broader similarities lend coherence.

The spatial dispersion of a previously homogenous group.

An Arabic term that means “submission”, specifically submission to God’s will.

A member of the community of believers whose duty is obedience and submission to the will of God. Follow the Quran, the word of God revealed to Muhammad by the Angel Gabriel beginning in about 610 CE. The Sunna is not a written document but is a set of practical guidelines to behavior. (the body of traditions that are derived from the words and actions of the prophet Muhammad)

A way of communicating ideas or feelings by means of a conventionalized system of signs, gestures, marks, or articulate vocal sounds. Communication is symbolic, based on commonly understood meanings of signs or sounds.

Regional variations of language. Differences in pronunciation, grammar, and vocabulary that are place-based in nature.

A collection of individual languages believed to be related in their prehistorical origin. About 50% of the world’s people speak a language that is in the Indo-European family.

A collection of languages that possess a definite common origin but has split into individual languages.

A collection of several individual languages that is part of a language branch, shares a common origin in the recent past, and has relatively similar grammar and vocabulary. 

Spanish, French, Portuguese, Italian, Romanian, and Catalan are a language group, classified under the Romance branch, as part of the Indo-European language family.

The geographic origins or sources of innovations, ideas, or ideologies. Language hearths are a subset of cultural hearths; they are the source areas of languages.

A relationship based on blood, marriage, or adoption. A form of social organization that is particularly central to the culture system of the Middle East and North Africa. Kinship can exist even when there are no marital or blood bonds.

An effort to protect regional and national cultures from the homogenizing impact of globalization especially from the penetrating influence of U.S. culture.

A socially created system of rules about who belongs to a particular group based upon actual or perceived commonalities, such as language or religion.

A mixing of different types. In cultural geography, hybridity is most often associated with movements across a binary of, for instance, the racial categories of black and white such that identities are more multiple and ambivalent.

Not just humans are involved - there are nonhuman agents too.

Understanding human life as a process that's always unexpectedly unfolding.

Is a shared set of meanings lived through the material and symbolic practices of

everyday life

• Is entwined with politics, economics, and history

• Ongoing process,operating in a dynamic context

• Is not just high culture, but also folk culture and popular culture

Branches of Christianity

Catholocism vs. Orthodoxy

Protestantism

Mormonism

Religious syncretism in Africa

...diffuse across space, which makes the speakers geographically isolated from each other, causing dialects which can become new languages.

Examples:

Mexican Spanish vs. Spain Spanish

Polish vs. Slovak

Lingua Franca

(after languages are authorized by the nation-state, this happens)

The effort to protect regional and national cultures from the impact of globalization

Things that are protected are...

language

food

dress

beliefs and pracices

Example:

Islamism

Domination of one culture by another, especially through exported products and ideas

Example: Americanization or Westernization...

..........global brands

          television and movies

          exported technologies (iPhone)

          hybrid global cultures

The transmission of culture globally

Facilitated by the movement of people, objects, signs, and symbols

...like travel, movement of books and artifacts

Key: forms of communication and transportation

1. Bollywood

2. World Music

1.      changes in the structure of the region’s economy (example: agriculture to manufacturing)

2.      changes in forms of economic organization within the region (example: socialism to free-market capitalism)

3.      changes in the availability and use of technology within the region

...UNEVEN...

An estimate of the total value of all materials, foodstuffs, goods, and services that are produced by a country in a particular year. Normally divided by total population.

...colonialism and empire

So, that's why English is so spread out throughout the world, through colonialism.

Top 5 World Languages

(not in order)

-Mandarin

-Spanish

-English

-Hindi/Urdu

-Arabic

A measure of the income that flows to a country from production wherever in the world that production occurs.

Measure how much of common “market basket” of goods and services each currency can purchase locally, including goods and services that are not traded internationally.

PPP is a better measure of relative wealth because it eliminates currency differences

PPP is a good measure of the prosperity of a country’s average citizen (could compare boulder to London)

Development Lecture:

Definition of Development

Development: "the state of being created or made more advanced"

Development Lecture:

Rostow's Stages of Growth

Modernization Theory

Traditional societies (limited technology; static society)

à

Preconditions for take off (commercial agriculture, mining)

à

Take off (basic industry. manufacturing, urbanization)

à

Drive to Maturity (Industrialization expands, democratization, investment in social infrastructure)

Developmen Lecture:

Brandt's North/South Line

Development Lecture:

Development History

-Term dates back to 1940s

-Cold War (pre and post had different meanings)

Development Lecture:

Property

Development Lecture:

Did the guy agree with Rostow's Stages of Growth Modernization Theory

-An overall index of human development

-It factors in not only income, but education, life expectency, and gender equality.

The maximum population that can be maintained in a place at rates of resource use and waste production that are sustainable in the long term without damaging the overall productivity of that or other places.

A vision of development that seeks a balance among economic growth, environmental impacts, and social equity (the fairness of the distribution of the costs and benefits of the growth.)

A measure of the human pressures on the natural environment from the consumption of renewable resources and the production of pollution.

Economic Structure of a country:

(made up of 4 sections)

-Primary (natural resource extraction)

-Secondary (manufacturing)

-Tertiary (sale and exchange of goods and services) (not production process)

-Quaternary (handling data and information)

Secondary

Groups of countries with formalized systems of trading agreements. The fundamental structure of international trade is based on a few trading blocs. Most of the world’s trade takes place within 4 trading blocs: NAFTA, EU

1.      Western Europe, together with some former European colonies in Africa, South Asia, the Caribbean, and Australasia

2.      North America, together with some Latin American states

3.      the countries of the former Soviet world-empire.

4.      Japan, together with other East Asian states and the oil-exporting state of Saudi Arabia and Bahrain

An economic policy or situation in which a nation is independent of international trade and not reliant upon imported goods. They do not contribute significantly to the flows of imports and exports that constitute the geography of trade. Typically, they are smaller, peripheral countries.

Example:

North Korea, Samoa

-A political and economic ideology

-Attempts to improve human well-being by promoting individual self-interest

-Advocates for the withdrawal of government interventions in the economy

          -Example: tariff and quotas, but also government services

-Strives for the free movement of goods, services, people, and money

 -initial advantage-early start in development

 -external economies=existing labor/consumer markets

 -localization economies- cost savings due to spatial clustering

The degree to which levels of demand for a product or service change in response to changes in price. Where a relatively small change in prices induces a significant change in demand, elasticity is high; where levels of demand remain fairly stable in spite of price changes, demand is said to be inelastic.

A process by which domestic producers provide goods or services that formerly were bought from foreign producers.

AKA

a shift to consuming locally made goods/services

-This decreases dependency on foreign nations.

Economic growth in the periphery due to growth in the core

(the growth of the core benefits the periphery)

An influential approach in explaining global patterns. States that development and underdevelopment are reverse sides of the same process: Development somewhere requires underdevelopment somewhere else.

The relationship between present-day activities in a place and the past experiences of that place.

Existing labor markets, existing consumer markets, existing frameworks of fixed social capital, etc. Cost savings that result from circumstances beyond a firm’s own organization and methods of production.

Cost savings that accrue to particular industries as a result of clustering together at a specific location—and so form the basis for continuing economic growth. Examples: sharing a pool of labor with special skills or experience, supporting specialized technical schools, joining to create a marketing organization or a research institute, and drawing on specialized subcontractors, maintenance firms, suppliers, distribution agents, and lawyers.

Interdependencies associated with various kinds of economic linkages, including the cost advantages that accrue to individual firms because of their location among functionally related activities.

Develop as new firms arrive to provide the growing industry with components, supplies, specialized services, or facilities.

Develop as new firms arrive to take the finished products of the growing industry and use them in their own processing, assembly, finishing, packaging, or distribution operations.

Industries that manufacture parts and components to be used by larger industries.

The spiraling buildup of advantages that occurs in specific geographic settings as a result of the development of external economies, agglomeration effects, and localization economies.

The negative impacts on a region (or regions) of the economic growth of some other region. (Negative impacts take the form, for example, of out-migration, outflows of investment capital, and the shrinkage of local tax bases.) Backwash effects are important because they help to explain why regional economic development is so uneven and why core-periphery contrasts in economic development are so common.

-...is the breaking apart of old vertically integrated companies, and outsourcing their functions to subcontractors

-Results in loose networks that align to produce a product, then dissolve

-Often engage in “just-in-time” production

 -Supplies delivered continuously just in time to produce something 

-Planned international effort to eliminate hunger by improving crop performance

 -new crops, irrigation, fertilizers/ pesticides, mechanization

 -technological knowledge

 -supply materials to farmers

-economic crises, trade barriers, withdrawal of foreign aid

-technology approach does not guarantee a secure food supply

 -often not ecologically sustainable

-Did not address lack of resources or distribution of economic power, purchasing power, etc

-using living organisms to produce or change plant or animal products

-genetic modification (GMO) uses genetic manipulation of crop and animal products to improve productivity and products

  -reorganizing plant and animal DNA

-recent innovations have led to “super-plants” that grow at much faster rates in broader environmental conditions

 -crops that are drought-resistant

-extension of scientific innovation to all crops and animal products called the bio revolution

-can help reduce agricultural production costs

-can serve as type of resource management

 -sustainable production

 -less conversion of land

-could maximize agricultural production to meet growing population demand

-cloned plants more susceptible to disease

-leads to increase need of chemical treatment

-has led to plants being able to be grown out of their native environments

-has hurt less developed countries

-trends of farmer suicides

*Consider the following while watching the film:

-In what ways are food prices connected to larger economic and political structures?
-Is commercialized agriculture a sustainable solution, environmentally and economically to growing food consumption?

-What are the positive and negative consequences of using Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs)? Is the patenting and policing of seeds ethical? Why or why not?

-What are the pros and cons of organic agriculture? Does organic agriculture accomplish what it sets out to do?

*How does the film address the following concepts as they relate to agriculture?

-Webs of production and consumption, commodity chains 

-Health (human, animal, environment)

-Politics

-Food and poverty

A commodity chain is the path something takes from raw materials to production, retail, consumption, and finally waste.

-A commodity is anything produced to be bought or sold on a market

-Chains describe the economic links between buyers and sellers, producers and consumers as a product moves through the process of fabrication, distribution, and consumption.

-Growing only one type of agricultural product in a large area of land, year after year

-Reduces the amount of human labor required

            -Drives down industrial crop prices

            -Eliminates jobs

-Ultimately unsustainable! (because of environmental costs and human health)

-Environmental costs

            -Soil degradation

            -Loss of biodiversity

            -Crop vulnerability to insects, fungus, weeks etc. (you could lose the entire crop for that    year)

            -Intensive water use

-Human Health

            -Many fertilizers/pesticides are carcinogenic (cancer causing)

            -Effect of GMO?

-When a commodity chain has one link that is controlled by an oligopoly, or a small number of competitors, the oligopoly can set prices

            -Example: Starbucks, Nestle, PepsiCo

-This creates cheap consumer prices

-BUT this drives down prices for growers and workers, which decreases their quality of life.

-Conventional Farming:

            -Chemicals used in the form of plant protectants and fertilizers

            -Intensive, hormone-based practices to breed/raise animals

-Organic Farming:

            -No commercial fertilizer, synthetic pesticides, or growth hormones

-Local Food:

            -Usually organically grown

            -Usually within 100-mile radius

            -Called “locavores”

                        -Also connected to “urban gardening”, CSA

-Fast Food:

            -Born in the U.S. as a product of WWII

                        -Utilized assembly-line production