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| Human's interaction with the environment has resulted in improvements in the circumstances of human life; however, humans have had an enormous impact on the physical enviroment. all human ways of life have some environmental effects. |
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| is a resource management tool that measures how much land and water area a human population requires to produce the resources it consumes and to absorb its wastes under prevailing technology |
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the capacity of ecosystems to produce useful biological materials and to absorb waste materials gneerated by humans, using current managment schemes and extraction technologies is usually expressed in unites of global hectares |
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| occurs when humanity's demand on nature exceeds the biosphere's supply, or regenerative capacity. such ovreshoot leades to a depletion of earth's life supporting natural capital and build up of waste |
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| can be defined as all of the raw materials and natural cycles on earth. Footprint analysis considers one key component, life supporting natural capital, or ecological capital for short. This capital is defined as the stock of living ecological assets that yield goods and services on a continuous basis |
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| Ecological deficit/reserve |
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| is the difference between the biocapacity and ecological footprint of a region or country. an ecological deficit occurs when the footprint of apopulation exceeds biocapacity of the area available to that population. conversely, an ecological reserve exists when the biocapacity of a region exceeds its population's footprint |
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| growth has a direction an purpose i.e it follows clearly identified stages seen a positive |
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| continuity: nature makes no leaps: that is, it must follow stages such that there is a change in appearance not nature=permanence through |
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century notions of a “grand narrative” … culture generally develops (or evolves) in a uniform and progressive manner. It was thought that most societies pass through the same series of stages, to arrive ultimately at a common end. The sources of culture change were generally assumed to be embedded within the culture from the beginning, and therefore the ultimate course of development was thought to be internally determined. |
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| Gross Domestic Product (GDP): |
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| an estimate of the total value of all materials, foodstuff, good and services produced by a country in a particular year |
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| Gross National Product (GNP): |
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| measures the value of all good and services claimed by residents of a particular country regardless of where the production took place. |
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| Includes all the skills, knowledge and expertise that people accumulate over time that allow them to increase their productive capacity as individuals, members of firms and within society more broadly. |
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| The Eastern bloc of the communist-socialist states, the "Second World |
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| the bloc of democratic industrial countries within the american influence sphere the first world |
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| HDI An Index of Human Development |
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| scores are based on measures of life expectancy, educational attainment, and personal income. |
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| 3 dimensions of development related to human well-being |
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- a long and healthy life
- education and knowledge
- a decent standard of living
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UNDP developed 4 quantitative indicators to measure these dimensions: |
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- life expectancy at birth
- adult literacy rate
- Gross Enrollment Ration: % in primary, secondary, and tertiary education
- GDP per capita
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| 4 critical areas of inequality between men and women |
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1. Economic participation and opportunity: salaries, participation levels and access to high-skilled employment 2. Educational attainment: access to basic and higher level education 3. Political empowerment: representation in decision-making structures 4. Health and survival: life expectancy and sex ratio |
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