Term
| Shift in chicken consumption surpassing beef consumption reflects three seemingly unconnected factors |
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Definition
1) Relative decline in price of chicken relative to other meats
2) Health issues in consumption of red meat
3) Chicken consumed in many new and different forms |
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Term
| Is the broiler chicken the new global bird? |
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Definition
| The globalization of production is evident yet again in food supply. |
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Term
| Chickens are produced on family farms which are now.. |
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Definition
| under contract with multi-national food producers. Farmers bear the risk but see little profit. They have no leverage in the market and have to meet the quality standards set by the producers. |
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Term
| Products differ from 100 years ago. |
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Definition
| Chickens are fed carefully regulated diet, strict disease control, kept in regulated environments. Live weight is 50% greater than 50 years ago. Labor input has declined by 80%. |
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Term
| Ten companies account for 2/3 of the US chicken production |
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Definition
| Tyson = 21%, 6 billion pounds processed, $5 billion in sales. |
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Term
| United States is the leading world producer, with sales to.. |
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Definition
| Japan, China, Russia. Increasing compitition with Thailand, Brazil, and China. Big markets in China and Eastern Europe. |
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Term
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Definition
| United States preference for chicken breasts. Exports of wings, legs, and feet. |
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Term
| Traditional geography of agriculture about.. |
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Definition
| relationship between people and their environment. |
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Term
| Agriculture is constrained by the environment in various ways, such as.. |
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Definition
| soil quality, water availability, temperature and length of growing season, and terrain. |
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Term
| Agriculture modifies the environment in significant ways by.. |
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Definition
| irrigation, ground water use, and pollution. |
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Term
| Agriculture is part of a broad.. |
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Definition
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Term
| In core countries, very few people now earn their living through agriculture. In the United States, only ___ do. |
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Definition
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Term
| In the periphery, many people make their living through agriculture. This number is often ___. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Typical of earliest cultures, now largely dissapeared. Foraging for fish and game, gathering fruits, nuts, berries, and vegetables. |
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Term
| Slash and Burn Agriculture |
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Definition
| Form of substinence agriculture, where people produce their own food. Shifting cultivation, clearance of plot land, burning the ground cover to provide nutrients. Land used for several years, then abandoned as people move on to next plot. Combination of crops, tubers and root crops in tropical areas; grain crops and vegetables elsewhere. |
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Term
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Definition
| Another form of subsistence agriculture, people living by herding animals. Shifting location associated with availability of forage and water. Frequently seasonal. Largly characteristic of grassland regions. |
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Term
| Intensive subsistence agriculture |
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Definition
| Is it agricultural change that allows population to grow or is it population growth that forces agriculture to be more efficient? Much more intensive use of land, sustaining higher lever of population densities. Settled agriculture, usually in villages. Still producing food for local consumption - subsistence. Multiple crops on the same land with some rotation to avoid depletion of soils. Most characteristic of intensive rice production in East, South, and South East Asia, but also true elsewhere without rice as the dominant crop. |
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Term
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Definition
| There has been a shift away from local production for local food supply to a more global pattern of production for consumption outside the region or country. This dominates the core countries and is important in export sectors in the semi-periphery and periphery. Creation of global market for food crops. Fish - shrimp and salmon: blue revolution. |
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Term
| Three Agricultural Revolutions |
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Definition
1)Sedentary Agriculture
2)Industrial Agriculture
3)Chemical and Biological Agriculture |
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Term
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Definition
| First agricultural revolution occurs as early as 7000 BCE. Domestication of plants and animals. Changes are most characteristic of food plains in fertile river valleys, such as the Tigris, Euphrates, and the Nile |
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Term
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Definition
| Second agricutlural revolution, entails the transformation of subsistence agriculture in tandem with the industrial revolution. Late 18th and 19th century changes. Dramatic increases in crop and livestock yield - scientific farming. Improved technology - ploughs. Creation of new inputs - fertilizer and field drainage. Necessary to feed growing industrial and urban population. End of 19th century new machines replaced labor with technology. Increased productivity. |
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Term
| Chemical and Biological Agriculture |
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Definition
| The third agricultural revolution involves the use and later biological elements to improve productivity. Chemicals used were in the forms of synthetic fertilizers, pesticides, herbicides, and fungicides. Developed in the United States in the 1950's, spread rapidly to other core countries in the 60's, and made it to the periphery by the 70's. Expensive, based on petrochemicals. Considerable ecological impact. |
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Term
| Chemical and Biological Agriculture |
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Definition
| The third agricultural revolution involves the use and later biological elements to improve productivity. Chemicals used were in the forms of synthetic fertilizers, pesticides, herbicides, and fungicides. Developed in the United States in the 1950's, spread rapidly to other core countries in the 60's, and made it to the periphery by the 70's. Expensive, based on petrochemicals. Considerable ecological impact. |
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Term
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Definition
| systematic attempt to expand food production by the development on new high yeilding strains of grain crops. Initiated in the 1940's in Mexico as an attempt to increase wheat production. Expanded dramatically in the 60's to include rice and maize. |
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Term
| Advantages to the Green Revolution |
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Definition
1)Improved food supply
2)Much higher yeilds per acre and per worker
3)Surplus production for export in some countries
4)Faster maturing crops, enables mutiple crops per year |
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Term
| Disadvantages of the Green Revolution |
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Definition
1)Reliance on reliable water supply
2)Reliance on chemical fertilizer
3)Decreased need for human labor
4)Susceptibility to pests and diseases
5)Taste. Grains may be less nutritious, less flavorable. Important for staple crops that are the major element of a diet.
6)Favors wealthier farmers and areas over poorer because of input costs
7)Local production may not be able to compete with imports |
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Term
| Five elements of the Food Production Supply Chain |
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Definition
1)Agricultural inputs
2)Farm production
3)Product processing
4)Food distribution
5)Food consumption |
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Term
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Definition
| labor, technology, fertilizer, energy |
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Term
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Definition
| size, quality of farmland, types of crops, labor |
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Term
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Definition
| washing and grading, freezing and packing, slaughtering |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| dietary tastes and preferances, purchasing power, population growth, household structure, employment, consumption of prepared food |
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Term
| Four mediating factors that affect the five elements of the food production supply chain |
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Definition
1)Physical environment
2)State's farm policies
3)Credit/Financial markets
4)International food chain |
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Term
| Mediating factor: Physical environment |
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Definition
| soil quality, water supply, climate, topography |
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Term
| Mediating factor: State's farm policies |
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Definition
| national governement affects land tenure and land inheritance systems, may affect products prices through subsidies for production and price supports |
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Term
| Mediating factor: Credit/Financial market |
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Definition
| availability of credit for farmers (machinery, seed) market for agricultural land (mortgages) |
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Term
| Mediating factor: International food trade |
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Definition
| international markets, food aid, export subsidies |
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Term
| Political geography is embodied in |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Sri Lankan Cricket Team Attack in Pakistan: Three possibilities for who is responsible |
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Definition
1)Sri Lanka has been involved in a civil war for two decades, with ethnic Tamils fighting against the national government, dominated by the Sinhalese.
2)India and Pakistan have been hostile to one another since independence from Britain in 1947 - Indian retaliation
3)Taliban |
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Term
| Somali pirates: Why has piracy made a comeback? |
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Definition
1)The collapse of the Somali national government. No longer exercises effective control over territory - land or water. Ongoing internal conflicts. Local clan warlords now control different areas of the state.Ethiopian troops brought in to keep the peace, but were evacuated. It is a failed state.
2)Collapse of the state has ment that foreign fishermen can come and illegally fish in Somali waters. Somali fishermen are displaced and have turned to piracy as a source of livelihood. |
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Term
| Who are the Somali pirates? |
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Definition
| Fishermen who know the waters, muscle, fighters to board the ships, and geeks or technical capability to run GPS, satelite phones, and modern vessels. |
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Term
| Who funds the Somali pirates? |
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Definition
| Suspected to be businessmen from Dubai. |
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Term
| Where do Somali pirates get their weapons? |
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Definition
| Plenty available in Somalia, others smuggled from Aden. |
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Term
| How do you prevent piracy? |
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Definition
| Naval vessels from several countries are now patroling the Gulf of Aden |
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Term
| Democratic Republic of Congo |
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Definition
| Described as the third world war.1998-2003 conflict involved nine countries, left estimated 5 million people dead. Recent war derives from spillover of genocide in Rwanda in 1994. Innifective government control of the region. Largest, most expensive and heaviest UN peacekeeping force deployed to stop the conflict. |
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Term
| Sucession movement by resource rich ____ (south east DR Congo) immediately after independence. |
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Definition
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Term
| The war in DR Congo reflects the worsening of ongoing problems since independence from ______ in 1960. |
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Definition
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Term
| Cases of Sri Lankan Cricket Team, Somali pirates, and the war in DR Congo draw our attention to the importance of ________, ________, and ________. |
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Definition
| Territories, states, and nations |
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Term
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Definition
| the physical space occupied by a political unit (country) |
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Term
| Boundries (borders) define the |
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Definition
territory of two adjacent units
ex. 49th parallel between the US and Canada |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| State is a government that exercises... |
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Definition
| sovereignty over territory within its borders. |
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Term
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Definition
| foreign policy and national defense. |
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Term
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Definition
| characteristics of a population |
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Term
| A nation reflects a group of people with shared... |
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Definition
| experience, common values and a sense of belonging, generally to a state |
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Term
| Political scientists assume that... |
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Definition
| nation and sate are linked - nation-state |
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Term
| The few countries that can be called nation-states are... |
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Definition
| Japan, Iceland, Somolia. Most states are mutli-national or multi-ethnic causing problems. |
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Term
| World map presents a false picture of... |
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Definition
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Term
| Recent political break ups include... |
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Definition
| The Soviet Union which created fifteen new states, and Yugoslovia which created seven new states |
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Term
| Only one South American country has the same boundry as it did when it became independent. What is the country? |
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Definition
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Term
| Boundry disputes are more likely to be settled _______ in the core. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Typical argument:state evolves around a core region. Influence and control gradually spreads outward to adjacent regions. This is true of middle-sized European states with centralized government.
ex. Paris (France) London (England) |
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Term
| Three scales of Urban Geography |
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Definition
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Term
| An estimated half of the world population lives in |
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Definition
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Term
| Proportion of population who are urban as _______ over time, but there has been a _______ in total population at the same time. Therefore, the numbers of people living in urban places worldwide has risen ____ since 1900. |
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Definition
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Term
| Levels of urbanization are high in the _____ regions. |
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Definition
| core. ex: 80% or higher in Western Europe, North America, and Japan. |
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Term
| High levels of urbanization are no longer exclusive to the core. Which three countries show this? |
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Definition
| South Korea, Taiwan, and Austrailia have similar levels compaired to the core. |
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Term
| Latin America is suprisingly heavily urbanized. What is the percentage compared to Europe? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are two regions with lower levels of urbanization? |
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Definition
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Term
| Urban rate of growth is highest in ____ and ____. |
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Definition
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Term
| Proportion of the world's urban population is increasingly in... |
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Definition
| peripheral and semi-peripheral countries |
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Term
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Definition
| leading city in its country or region, disproportionately larger than any others in the urban hierarchy |
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Term
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Definition
| leading city in its country or region, disproportionately larger than any others in the urban hierarchy |
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Term
| Growth of very large cities draws attention to the... |
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Definition
| structure of urban systems at the national scale |
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Term
| Some urban systems dominated by a single large city. This is ___ in both the core and the periphery. |
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Definition
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Term
| Colonies differ from empires because |
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Definition
| they include a large number of settlers from the core country. |
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Term
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Definition
| maps that are designed to show Earth's surface, and show features such as buildings, highways, and political boundaries |
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Term
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Definition
| maps that are designed to represent the spatial dimensions of particular conditions, processes, or events |
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