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Human Evolutions Test 1
N/A
62
Anthropology
Undergraduate 1
02/23/2010

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Cards

Term
Revelation
Definition

>top-down approach 

-Interpretations embedded 

    -In writings, logic, prayer

-Inspiration

Term
Science
Definition

>bottom-up approach 

-interpretations tested and retested

-faliable

-challenges important 

-source is a body of knowledge that can be refuted

Term
Scientific Concepts
Definition

-Fringe

-Frontier

-Core

Term
Example of Fringe
Definition
Big Foot
Term
Example of Frontier
Definition
How genes and behavior interact
Term
example of core
Definition
gravity, continental drift, natural selection, DNA
Term
Scientific Theory
Definition
an empirical research method in which data is gathered from observation of phenomena, hypothesis are formulated and tested, and conclusions are drawn that validate or modify the original hypothesis. 
Term
natural selection
Definition
process by which organisms adapt to there environment, which results in long term adaptation and population of a species. 
Term
Carl Linne (Linnaeus)
Definition

1707-1778

Kingdom~Phylum~Order~Family~ Genus~ Species

Binomial nomenclature

Term
John Smith
Definition

1769-1839

-Geologist

-Sediments (Volcanic Eruptions)

 

Term
James Hutton
Definition

1726-1797

noted cycles of change on earth- erosion, deposition, uplift. concluded that there was "no evidence of a beginning..."

-Recardnation

-Geologist

Term
Charles Lyell
Definition

1797-1875

-Uniformitarianism 

>slow changes

-Deep Time

Term
Lamark
Definition

-evolutionist

-inheritance of acquired traits

- Use and disuse

Term
Cuvier
Definition
Catastrophism- view everything on earth changes because of catastrophes.
Term
Charles Darwin
Definition

- Origin of Species

-Natural Selection

-Decent with modification

populations are variable (maybe many populations in a species)

-means individuals differ and pass on there differences through generation

-must survive reproduce

enviroment>survive reproduce>generation>inheritance> successful lineage

 

Term
Evolutionary Theory Timeline
Definition

-1735 Linnaeus classification system

-1802 Paley's Natural Theology

-1809 Darwin Birth

-1817 Cuvier & Lamark

-1831-1836 Voyage of Beagle

- 1858 Wallace

-1859 Origin of Species

-1865 Mendel presents Research

 

Term
Galapagos
Definition

-variable and extreme habitats

-small body size finches

-beak size is directly related to food acquisition

- changes in beak size map onto changes in environment 

Term
Mutation
Definition

-required for natural selection

- is the cause of new alleles and therefore the only cause of new variations

-are rare and random, i.e. you cannot predict which genes will mutate or when.

Term
Wallace
Definition
-Co-discover of natural selection
Term
Gregor Mendel
Definition

-1823-1884

-Inheritance (Mendellian genetics)

-hereditary factors do not combine, but are passed intact between generation.

Term
Migration & Gene Flow
Definition

-When migrants (and their alleles) immigrate to and emigrate from populations, gene flow results.

-Gene flow makes disparate populations more similar with respect to their allele frequencies.

Term
Genetic Drift
Definition
- When random events ("accidents") change allele frequencies 
Term

Genetic drift:

Founder effect

Definition
type of genetic drift that occurs when a segment of a population moves to another area (becomes reproductively isolated)
Term

Genetic Drift:

population bottleneck

Definition
type of genetic drift that occurs when a population is reduced to a small size (e.g. by a natural disaster)
Term
Deep Time
Definition
multimillion- or billion- year geologic time
Term
Uniformitarianism & Catastrophism 
Definition
in geology the idea of slow gradual change vs. rapid, catastrophic change.
Term
variation
Definition
differences among members of the same species
Term
allele
Definition
any of several forms of a gene usually arising through mutation that are responsible for hereditary variation of a trait 
Term
recombination
Definition
the formation of a new combinations of genes
Term
biological species
Definition
the major subdivision of a genus regarded as the basic category of biological classification composed of related individuals that resemble one another are able to breed among themselves but are not able to breed with members of another species.
Term
Reproductive population
Definition
a group of organisms capable of successful reproduction 
Term
selective pressures
Definition
forces in the environment that influence reproductive success in individuals (e.g. natural disaster, food supply, disease)
Term
reproductive success and fitness
Definition
the genetic contribution of an individual to the next generations gene pool relative to the average for the population usually measured by the number of offspring or close kin that survive to reproductive age
Term
evolution
Definition
change in the gene pool of a population from generation to generation by such processes as mutation, natural selection, and genetic drift.
Term
Malthus
Definition
competition for resources
Term

Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)

Definition

Structure:

-Shape:

-double stranded

  -double helix

-Components:

-Sugar & Phosphate backbone

 

Term
DNA
Definition

-Base Pairs:

-Adenine & Thymine

-Guanine & Cytosine

-Hydrogen Bond:

-weak, chemical bond that holds base pairs together

Term
DNA Function
Definition

-Contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known living organisms.

-often compared to a set of blueprints since it contains the instructions needed to construct other components of cells such as proteins and RNA

Term
DNA location
Definition
most of the time _____ is found within the nucleus of the cell
Term
Transcription
Definition

1. DNA is "unzipped" (hydrogen bonds are broken and DNA is pulled apart at the middle)

2. mRNA bases match-up with DNA bases on the template strand, creating a _______ of the DNA code.

a. Guanine-Cytosine

b. Adenine-Uracil

-- Thymine is not present in RNA & is replaces by Uracil

c. Example:

i. Original DNA strand:

1. TAC-AGT-CTG-AGT-CAT-GAC-ACT

ii. Complimentary mRNA strand:

1. AUG-UCA-GAC-UCA-GUA-CUG-UGA

3.mRNA completes its________ of the DNA strand and breaks away

4. DNA reforms (returns to its normal double helix shape)

5.mRNA leaves the nucleus of the cell and ventures into the cytoplasm 

 

Term
Translation
Definition

1. ribosomes attach to the mRNA strand in the cytoplasm.

2. An initiator tRNA, with the anticodon UAC, base-pairs with the start codon, AUG.

a. this tRNA carries the amino acid methionine (Met)

-met is the only "start codon" and will always begin every protein chain.

3. the ribosome continues up the of mRNA, matching up the appropriate tRNA anticodon to the mRNA codons.

a. each tRNA brings with it a specific amino acid, which attaches to the last amino acid brought forth forming a chain of amino acids.

4.Eventually a STOP codon is reached and the amino acid chain breaks free as a finished protein

a. example:

i. Original DNA strand:

1. TAC-AGT-CTG-AGT-CAT-GAC-ACT

ii. Complimentary mRNA strand:

1. AUG-UCA-GAC-UCA-GUA-CUG-UGA

iii. Complimentary tRNA strand:

1. UAC-AGU-CUG-AGU-CAU-GAC-ACU

iv. Amino acid chain (protein) formed:

1. Met (Start)-Ser-Asp-Ser-Val-Leu-STOP


Term
nucleus 
Definition
large organelle found in most cells, houses the cell's DNA
Term
Cytoplasm
Definition
the cell substance found inside the cell, but outside of the nucleus, where most organelles are found, including ribosomes.
Term
Chromatin
Definition
Uncoiled form of DNA
Term
Chromosome
Definition
A single, large macromolecule of DNA formed when chromatin condenses
Term
Gene
Definition
the basic physical unit of heredity, a linear sequence of nucleotides along a segment of DNA that provides the coded instructions for synthesis of RNA which when translated into protein leads to the expression of hereditary character. 
Term
Bases (base pair): DNA
Definition
adenine-thymine, Guanine-Cytosine
Term
Bases (base pairs): RNA
Definition
adenine-uracil, guanine-cytosine
Term

Template Strand

 

Definition
the specific strand that is being transcribed when DNA "unzips" during transcription
Term
Ribonucleic acid (RNA)
Definition
like DNA but is single stranded contains a different sugar molecule, and uses Uracil rather than Thymine
Term
mRNA
Definition
messenger RNA, created during transcription and used as a messenger, carrying the transcribed DNA code from inside the nucleus to the outer cytoplasm.
Term
tRNA 
Definition
transfer RNA; small RNA molecule that matches up amino acids to specific sequences found on the mRNA strand during translation (i.e. translates the mRNA code into amino acid chains)
Term
Codon
Definition

a three base code found on mRNA the corresponds to a specific amino acid (e.g. Guanin-Adenin-Cytosine (GAC)>Asp)

 

Term
Start Codon
Definition
the specific sequence of AUG, which signals the starting point of translation and the attachment of the 1st amino acid methionine
Term
STOP codons
Definition
the specific sequence of either UAA, UAG, or UGA which signals translation to stop and detach the finished protein.
Term
Anticodon
Definition
a three base code found on tRNA that recognizes and pairs with a corresponding codon on mRNA
Term
Ribosome
Definition
organelle in the cytoplasm that is site of translation; aids in translation
Term
Amino acid
Definition
the building-blocks of proteins
Term
Protein Synthesis
Definition
process of creating proteins consists of transcription and translation
Term
Protein
Definition
the structure and the function of all living things the building blocks of life
Term
Transcription Factor
Definition
certain proteins that bind to DNA and play a role in the regulation of gene expression by promoting or prohibiting the transcription of genes in specific cells
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