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Human Evolution Exam 1 Primate Fossil Record
N/a
67
Anthropology
Undergraduate 3
10/18/2012

Additional Anthropology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
When did primates first appear?
Definition
65mya
Term
First primate-like animals?
Definition
Purgatorius, ~70 mya (Plesiadapid
Term
Purgatorius, ~70 mya (Plesiadapid)feeding habits
Definition
insectivore
Term
Purgatorius, ~70 mya (Plesiadapid) arboreal or ground?
Definition
arboreal
Term
traits of Purgatorius, ~70 mya (Plesiadapid)
Definition
• Small brain, incomplete post-orbital bar, long snout, claws, ever-growing incisors, diastema similar to that seen in herbivores
Term
Two families of Eocene
Definition
Adapiformes and Omomyiformes
Term
Omomyiformes led to
Definition
galagos and tarsiers
Term
adapiformes led to
Definition
lemurs and lorises
Term
Two shared derived features adapiformes have with lemurs and lorises
Definition
ear structure and ankle and wrist structure
Term
Adapiform primate-like features
Definition
nails
closed post-orbital bar
small snout
nails
opposable thumb and toe
Term
What dental formula evolved with adapiforms?
Definition
2.1.3.3 dental formula evolves
Term
Omomyiformes face
Definition
short
Term
Omomyiformes eyes
Definition
big, close set
Term
Omomyiformes teeth
Definition
sharp
Term
Omomyiformes shared derived features with tarsiers
Definition
ear features, but more primitive
Term
Notharctus (Ad)
Definition
fingers were elongated for clamping onto branches, including the development of a thumb. Its spine is flexible, like the living lemurs, and the animal was about 40 centimetres (16 in) in length, excluding the long tail
Term
Smilodectes (Ad)
Definition
It possesses a post-orbital bar and grasping thumbs and toes. Smilodectes has a small cranium size and the foramen magnum was located at the back of the skull
Term
“Ida” – Darwinius masillae is how old
Definition
47 mya
Term
“Ida” – Darwinius masillae (Ad)
Definition
status of a significant transitional form (a "link") between the prosimian and simian ("anthropoid") primate lineages
Term
Necrolemur (Om)
Definition
Necrolemur had sharp teeth, which it probably used to bite through insect armor. Like modern tarsiers, it also possessed long fingers and toes, and a lengthy, balancing, tail.[1] It was also characterised by a short face, a narrow gap between the eyes, a tubular ectotympanic and a relatively large brain
Term
Tetonius
Definition
2:1:3:3 on both the upper and lower jaw (Fleagle, 1988). The upper molars of this species have a postprotocingulum (Martin, 1990). This species has a short snout (Fleagle, 1988). The eyes of this species are large and are of the size of cheirogaleids suggesting this species was nocturnal
Term
Eosimias
Definition
unique because of the presence of primitive and derived traits. It provides new insight into the phylogenetic relationships between simians and prosimians
Term
Four pieces of evidence that suggest oms are simiformes ancestors
Definition
• Postorbital closure

• Less reliance on smell (reduced snout, etc.)

• Larger body size

• Monkeylike teeth
Term
How fossil “prosimians” differ from Plesiadapiformes (7)
Definition
• Postorbital bar
• Larger brain
• More frontated eyes
• Nails
• Opposable big toe
• No diastema
• Broader snout
Term
Euprimate Origins: Hypotheses (3)
Definition
•Arboreal origin
•Visual predation
Angiosperm coevolution
Term
Visual predation
Definition
This theory suggests that primates evolved from small mammals, who lived in bushes found on the forest floor. Traits necesary for insect catching
Term
Angiosperm coevolution
Definition
the adaptive radiation primates occurred with the radiation of angiosperms (flowering plants) that offered new opportunities and an unexplored niche
Term
arboreal theory
Definition
early primates evolved to meet the needs of living an arboreal life
Term
Early haplorines are called
Definition
Anthropoids
Term
Anthropoid post orbital closure?
Definition
yes
Term
Anthropoids grooming claw?
Definition
no
Term
Anthropoid general trairs
Definition
• Postorbital closure
• No grooming claw
• Fused mandibular symphysis
• Larger canines
• Smaller snouts
• Bunodont molars
Term
Parapithecoid: Apidium was similar to what monkey?
Definition
squirrel monkey
Term
Parapithecoid: Apidium had what kind of movement?
Definition
leaper
Term
Parapithecoid: Apidium was dimorphic?
Definition
yes
Term
Parapithecoid: Apidium diet
Definition
Likely omnivore but heavily biased for ripe fruit (more sight, less smell
Term
Parapithecoid: Apidium dental formula
Definition
2.1.3.3
Term
Propliopithecoid: Aegyptopithecus lived
Definition
• 33-34 mya
Term
Propliopithecoid: Aegyptopithecus cusp pattern and what it implies
Definition
y-5 imply bilophodonty is a derived trait of cercopithecines
Term
Propliopithecoid: Aegyptopithecus body traits
Definition
• Reduced snout
• Heavily muscled, arboreal quadruped
Term
Early New World Monkey
Definition
Dolichocebus
Term
Age of Apes
Definition
miocene
Term
Miocene lasted from
Definition
23 - 6.5~5 mya
Term
• Early Miocene
Definition
23 to 17 mya
Term
early miocene climate
Definition
– Tropical forests dominate much of Africa
– Generally warm all over the place (Europe too…)
Term
Middle miocene
Definition
17 to 10 mya
Term
middle miocene traits
Definition
– Apes radiate out of Africa across Eurasia
– Most fossil apes found in Eurasia
Term
Proconsul was found in
Definition
Africa
Term
Proconsul year
Definition
• 23 to 15 mya
Term
Proconsul weight
Definition
• 25 to 100 lbs
Term
Proconsul teeth
Definition
• Larger incisors, smaller canines, much less snout
• Y-5 cusp pattern, bunodont, relatively thin enamel
Term
Proconsul brain size
Definition
• Brain a bit larger than Old World monkey-size (~170cc)
Term
Proconsul pelvis
Definition
• Ilium monkey-like, ischium ape-like
Term
Proconsul lower back
Definition
• Lower back long and stiff like monkeys
Term
Proconsul ape vs mokey traits
Definition
• Apelike: no tail, mobile shoulder

• Monkeylike: torso suggests leaping, no brachiation
Term
Proconsul limb and joints
Definition
• Robust limb bones, large joint surfaces
Term
Proconsulid: Morotopithecus
Definition
Term
Middle Miocene: Kenyapithecus
Definition
Kenyapithecus may be the common ancestor of all the great apes. More recent investigations suggest Kenyapithecus is more primitive than that and is only slightly more modern than when Proconsul is considered to be an ape.

Evidence suggests that Kenyapithecus wickeri was one of the species that started a radiation of apes out of Africa.
Term
Ape (?) found in Europe
Definition
Dryopithecus
Term
Two possibilities of Dryopithecus taxonomy
Definition
On pongo clade, splits off right before pongo or on main lineage splits off right before gorilla
Term
Mid-late Miocene, Europe
Definition
Ouranopithecus
Term
Ouranopithecus age
Definition
9-11 mya,
Term
Ouranopithecus teeth
Definition
• Thick enamel on molars; round molar cusps
• Nuts, seeds, tubers
• No honing facet on P3
Term
Ouranopithecus sexual dimorphism?
Definition
yes
Term
Potential Early Hominin Traits of Ouranopithecus
Definition
-bipedal
• Teeth and jaws:
– Thick molar enamel
– Relatively large molars
– Robust mandibles; tooth rows less parallel
– Relatively small canines
– Reduction of C/P3 honing complex
Term
Traits we would expect to see in an early hominin
Definition
-Bipedalism (along with all its anatomical features) would be the major one...
-dental features, like a reduction in the canine size, larger molars, thicker molar enamel
Term
Ouranopithecus figure into early hominin
Definition
Ouranopithecus is a Miocene ape, dating to before even Sahelanthropus, that has some of those hominin features (not the ones associated with bipedalism, but things like the thicker dental enamel, reduction in the size of the canines and the canine-premolar honing complex
So, it's an ape that is often used as a proxy for what the last common ancestor of humans and chimps might potentially have looked like
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