Term
Aristotle
4th Century B.C. |
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Definition
-There was an efficiency and organization of organisms, in nature – a design
-The “fixity of species” within an ascending hierarchy -Speciies,, once creatted,, can never change
-“Great Chain of Being” – humans near the top |
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Term
Niichollas Coperrniicus
1473--1543 |
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Definition
-Deposed the earth (and humans) as
being the center of the universe (replaced
by the sun - Heliocentric view) |
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Term
Archbishop James Usher
1581-1656 |
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Definition
Calculated the date of creation based on
the “begat” chapter of Genesis to 4004
B.C. (less than 6,000 yrs old) |
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Term
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Definition
-Recognized that groups of plants and
animals can be distinguished by their
ability to reproduce with one another.
-Coined the term species and genus to
separate these groups |
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Term
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Definition
species are groups of actually or potentially interbreeding natural populations, which are reproductively isolated from other such groups.
-the most basic form of classification, name includes genus name and specific name |
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Term
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Definition
| is a low-level taxonomic rank (a taxon) used in the classification of living and fossil organisms |
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Term
Carolus Linnaeus
(1707 – 1778) |
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Definition
Classified humans based on
morphological and behavioral similarity,
in Systema Naturae (1735) using a
standardized method for naming genus
and species - Binomial Nomenclature
He added class and order to his system
of taxonomy |
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Term
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Definition
| developed by Carolus Linnaeus, used to classify species - plant, animal, human |
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Term
Comte de Buffon
(1707 – 1788) |
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Definition
1749 published Natural History in which he
stressed the importance of environmental
change and an organisms response to the
environment - Adaptation to the environment |
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Term
| Adaptation to the environment |
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Definition
The differences between populations of a
species (including humans) were the result of their accommodation to local environmental conditions |
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Term
| Erasmus Darwin (1731 – 1802) |
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Definition
-Charles Darwins grandfather
-Entertained ideas of evolution and species change over time through poetry |
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Term
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Definition
-published Philosophie Zoologique in1809, proposed: “The inheritance of acquired characteristics”
-that by using or not using its body parts, an individual tends to develop certain characteristics, which it passes on to its offspring, ie: A giraffe acquired its long neck because its ancestor stretched higher and higher into the trees to reach leaves, and that the animal’s increasingly lengthened neck was passed on to its offspring |
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Term
Georges Cuvier
(1769 – 1832) |
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Definition
-Catastrophism – the world’s geographic
landscapes are results of cataclysmic events(Noah’s Flood)
-Explains the extinction of “primitive” species and replacement with “modern” species |
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Term
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Definition
is the idea that Earth has been affected in the past by sudden, short-lived, violent events, possibly worldwide in scope
- a geologic idea of abrupt changes |
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Term
Thomas Malthus
(1766 – 1834) |
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Definition
| -Exponential growth of human populations beyond carrying capacity competition for resources |
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Term
Charles Lyell
(1797 – 1875) |
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Definition
-Principles of Geology (1830) – Uniformitarianism
-Processes acting and shaping the world today were in operation in the past – the earth has great antiquity |
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Term
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Definition
| that the earth was shaped entirely by slow-moving forces still in operation today, acting over a very long period of time |
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Term
| Charles Darwin (1809-1882) |
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Definition
-Influenced by Charles Lyell- “Principles of Geology”
-Upon his return, began developing his theory on evolution -He borrowed concepts from dog breeders -Artificial Selection – selected by humans - Selection desirable characteristics to be passed on to the offspring of domestic species -Naturally occurring species also have selective pressure for survival-From nature, not humans--> Natural Selection |
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Term
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Definition
| intentional breeding for certain traits, or combination of traits, think dog breeds |
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Term
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Definition
-Points that challenged scientific thought: -Species were not created in their present form, but evolved from ancestral species.
-Species are Mutable, not fixed -Proposed mechanism for evolution: Natural Selection -Proposed the idea of a- Branching tree of life rather than a ladder - the differential reproduction of organisms with certain traits is attributed to improved survival or reproductive ability |
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Term
Alfred Russel Wallace
1823 – 1913 |
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Definition
-British naturalists researching in
Indonesia
-Wallace Line
-Co-discovered the theory of
natural selection and conversed
with Darwin
-“Father of Biogeography” |
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Term
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Definition
1.There is bio. variation w/in all species.2.More offspring produced than can survive(competition between individuals).3.Depending on the enviro, some variations are favorable and promote higher survival rate and repro success.4.Traits are inherited and passed to the next generation.5. Successful variations accumulate in a pop. yielding distinct changes over long periods of time 6.Nat. sel. acts on the individual, but it is the pop. that evolves. |
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Term
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Definition
-Evolution as change in a population
over time
-Change in the genetic composition of
populations over time, from generation
to generation
-Observed every day, also in the
paleontological record |
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Term
How do evolutionary changes
occur? |
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Definition
-Necessary to have variation existing in
populations, and an ability to respond to
the ever-changing
environment-- the environment being physical or cultural |
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Term
| Four Means of Populatin oChange |
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Definition
Processes that alter the variability in a
population
-Selection -reduces variability
-Genetic Drift-randomization of variability
-Gene Flow/Gene Exchange-combines
variability, brings new variability
-Mutation -- creates new variability |
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Term
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Definition
-Stabilizing Selection - reinforces the mean
-Directional Selection - towards an extreme
-Disruptive Selection-opposite extremes |
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Term
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Definition
| -Mottled Gray Moth most common (blended with lichen on trees) -Dark variety less common(easier to see – preyed upon) -Dark variety replaced gray as most common –WHY? -Pollution -Coal dust killed the lichen and coated the trees causing them to turn dark - Gray variety easier to see and be preyed upon-->fewer offspring |
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Term
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Definition
-Three variants: none, some expression, full expression
-In most areas, full expression can cause death- selection against
sickle cell
-In areas with malaria, both
full expression and none are selected against;selection for some expression |
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Term
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Definition
-A type of natural selection that
acts on a single sex
-A result of competition for mates
potentially leading to sexual dimorphism |
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Term
| Mechanisms of Microevolution |
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Definition
| 1. Genetic drift: Change in the gene pool of a small,bottleneck & Founder effect 2. Gene Flow: The gain or loss of alleles from a population by the movement of individuals or gametes. population due to chance. ie - immigration, emigration 3. Mutation: Change in an organism’s DNA that creates a new allele. Causes: Inherited, Environmental, and DNA replication mistakes ie-Point Mutation Substitution, Insertion, Deletion |
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Term
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Definition
Reduction of alleles in a population resulting from a disaster that drastically reduces population size.
ie -earthquakes, volcanos |
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Term
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Definition
-Resulting from the colonization of a new location by a small number of individuals.
-Results in random change of the gene pool
ie-islands |
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Term
| Modern Evolutionary Theory |
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Definition
-Primarily Darwinian (emphasizing natural selection) but incorporating the other three evolutionary forces that become known through the study of human population genetics
-“The Modern Synthesis”- combination of
genetic and evolutionary theory |
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Term
| Populations as the Unit of Evolutionary Change |
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Definition
| -It is important to think in terms of populations -these are the units of evolutionary change. -They exist over time (generation to generation) & thus can change. -Individuals cannot evolve in the genetic sense, but they can contribute to populations that do. -If a population does not evolve, it goes extinct..leaves no descendants. |
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Term
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Definition
| -Understanding of evolutionary relationships means looking at populations over time- how are they grouped? -Populations form species- sets of populations linked by gene flow -Species are isolated from each other by a lack of gene flow |
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Term
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Definition
| Species are linked over time through lineages-ancestor- descendant groups of populations that have some genetic continuity. At the very beginning & very end of a lineage the representative species are very different, but in the middle of their temporal span they are quite similar. New species arise through isolation of part of the populations, and subsequent genetic change. Species grouped into larger units- genera |
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Term
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Definition
| all species remained unchanged throughout the history of the earth |
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Term
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Definition
| gain and loss of alleles because of movement (to different locations-immigration, emmigration) |
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