Term
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Definition
Statigraphy (Superposition)
Fluorine Dating
Biostatigraphy
Paleomagnetism |
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Term
| Chronometric Dating Methods |
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Definition
Carbon-14 (0-50kya)
Potassium Argon (100kya+)
Argon-Argon
Dendrochronology (Tree Rings)
Electron Spin Resonance (0-300kya) |
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Term
How long ago?
Life
Earth
Sun
1st Stars
Big Bang |
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Definition
Life-3.5bya
Earth- 4.5 bya
Sun- 4.7 bya
1st Stars-13.6bya
Big Bang-14bya |
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Term
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Definition
Algae
Edicarian Animals- 1bya
Complex Life- 600mya |
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Term
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Definition
542-251mya
Devonian-fish & first land animals |
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Term
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Definition
251-65mya
Dinosaurs
First mammals |
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Term
| What killed the dinosaurs? |
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Definition
| Meteor in Yucatan, mammals filled niches and evolved |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
66-56mya
Plesiadapiforms- primate-like mammals
No post-orbital bar or closure
Claws- not nails
Diastema- toothless gap behind front teeth until back teeth |
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Term
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Definition
56-34mya
First true primates- Adapids & Omomyids
Post-orbital bar, stereoscopic vision, nails, grasping hands & feet |
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Term
| Nocturnal Visual Predation |
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Definition
| Hunting insects at night w/stereoscopic vision & grasping hands |
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Term
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Definition
species of primate-like mammal w/ grasping foot, opposable big toe, 56-55mya
NO stereoscopic vision |
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Term
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Definition
| fruits have seeds, animals eat fruits, leave seeds |
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Term
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Definition
34-23mya
First anthropoid-Aegyptocus 33mya |
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Term
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Definition
23-5.3mya
Hominids-Proconsul species 21-14mya, Africa
Y-5 molar, no tail
Sahelanthropus tchadensis 7-6mya-Chad |
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Term
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Definition
| Neck-down like humans, brain &behavior not, hoax=cranium of human, jaw of erectus |
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Term
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Definition
| Small brain, age 5 or 6, ape face, human teeth, spinal cord forward, comes out under head=bipedal |
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Term
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Definition
1959 Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania- Australopithecus boisei
1964 Olduvai Gorge- Homo habilis
1976 Tanzania Laetoli footprints, wet ash, 3.5 mya |
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Term
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Definition
| Lucy- Australopithecus afarensis 1974 Ethopia |
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Term
| Richard Leaky & Kimoya Kimeu |
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Definition
Nariokotome Boy
Homo ergaster 1984 Kenya |
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Term
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Definition
Sahelanthropus tchadensis
2001- Chad, Africa, Oldest Hominin |
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Term
| When did we split from chimps? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Island of Flores, Indonesia
95-12kya
Tiny head, 3.5 ft tall
417cc brain
Post-crania mix of Homo and Australopithecus features
tools similar to H. erectus, but no hand axes
ISLAND DWARFISM |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
Bipedalism
Dental Arcade
NO diastema
Tools, fire
Big brains
Small canines |
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Term
| Sahelanthropus tchadensis |
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Definition
Where: Chad, Africa
When: 7-6mya
Features- Bipedal
360cc brain
HUGE brow ridge
small canines
Vertical Foramen Magnum
Oldest hominin fossil ever found |
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Term
|
Definition
Kenya
6.1-5.8mya
Bipedal
Bottom edge of femural neck is thick--> Biped |
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Term
|
Definition
Ethopia
5.8-5.2 mya
bipedal?
Ape-like canines, but small, pointy |
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Term
|
Definition
Ethopia
5.8-4.4mya
Bipedal
325cc brain
small canines
Molars suggest broader diet then chimps, smaller canines than apes
Pelvis blade, ilium, is wide and low like other hominins
Feet ape-like w/ divergent big toe
probably bipedal, but not upright like later hominins |
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Term
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Definition
SAVANNAH THEORY-End of Miocene-> climate change: forests shrink, need to use more open, dry, environments, selection pressure towards new climates
ARBOREAL THEORY-Bipedal in trees, also worked on ground |
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Term
| Australopithecus anamensis |
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Definition
Ethopia
4.2-3.9 mya
bipedal
small canines
top of tibia expanded, increased bone volume, thicker
Bottom of ankle joint is horizontal |
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Term
| Australopithecus afarensis |
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Definition
Lucy
Ethopis, Kenya, Tanzania, Chad
Hadar(Lucy), Laetoli(footprints), West Turkana
3.7-3.0mya
433cc brain
projecting face
big toe in line with others |
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Term
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Definition
Astralopithecus afarensis
27kg
1m tall
DIMORPHISM
pelvis bipedal
gluteus medius muscle on sides
Intermembral index 85, curved phelanges |
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Term
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Definition
| Scapula intermediate, Teeth- big molars, thick enamel- low quality diet, tougher for chimps |
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Term
|
Definition
nights in trees
big social groups
male-male competition- but not teeth |
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Term
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Definition
Kenya
3.5-3.2mya
Flat face
Small molars
Fragmented |
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Term
| Australpithecus africanus |
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Definition
South Africa
Strekfontein, Taung, Makapansgat
3.3-2.5mya
Bipedal
451cc Brain
BIG Molars
small canines
post cranial similar to A. afarensis |
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Term
|
Definition
South Africa
malapa
1.9mya
Looks like A. africanus but pelvis & some cranial traits similar to Homo |
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Term
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Definition
| Ethopia- Bouri 2.5mya 450cc brain large molars but different from A. afarensis Stone tool use? meat eating? |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| A. aethiopicus, A. boisei, A. robustus |
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Term
| Australopithecus aethiopicus |
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Definition
"The Black Skull"
Kenya
2.5mya
"Robust" Huge molars
Sagittal crest
Thick zygomatic arch (Cheekbone arch)
410cc |
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Term
|
Definition
2.4-1.4mya
Kenya, Ethopia, Tanzania
Olduvai Gorge, Omo, East & West Turkana
Sagittal crest
Large molars
Temporalis muscle, masculus muscle
males 49kg
females 36kg |
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Term
| Australopithecus robustus |
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Definition
South Africa
Swartkars, Krombraii
2.0-1.4mya
476cc brain
Robust face & definition
males 40kg
females 32kg |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Expensive tissue hypothesis |
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Definition
Energy use by different organs in the body
Australopithecus, small head, fat body
Human, small body, big head |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| First good evidence of fire |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Europe, Africa, Asia
Atapuerca (Spain), Bodo (Ethopia)
1mya-200kya
1206cc brain
postcrania similar to modern humans, tall, powerfully built
Levallois tradition/tools, Hunting, fire
Expansion begins in Africa, "pushed"
Atapuerca, Spain, oldest hominins in Western Europe
Cave sites-Sima del Elefante- 1.1mya, Gran Dolina 800kya
Hunting, butchered horses, rhinos, reindeer
Schoningen spears- from yew tree
Levallois tools, rock-> platform-> chip off pieces
Fire cooking, central place foraging, rock shelters |
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Term
|
Definition
Africa first, then everywhere
Omo (East Africa), Klasies & Border (S. Africa)
Qafzeh (Israel)
200kya-today
1350cc brain
Upper Paleolithic, Art 100kya, Symbolism, Language |
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Term
|
Definition
First
Tanzania, Kenya
Olduvai Gorge- Serengetti plain
2.0-1.6mya
Oldowan tools- stone
612cc brain
Primitive post crania
Smaller molars that Australopithecus
Short ~4' tall
Long arms
Butchery site
Hominins hunting, not just scavenging |
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Term
|
Definition
Kenya
Lake Turkana
2.4-1.6mya
752cc brain
Flat face
Larger molars than habilis
Possibly distinct species w/ habilis, possibly dimorphic |
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Term
| Dmanisi, Republic of Georgia |
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Definition
Oldest Homo out of Africa
1.75mya
5' tall, 45kg
650cc brain
Primitive Stone Tools (similar to Oldowan)
Butchering carcasses
Lived 2-3 years w/o teeth, needed to be cared for
3 Hypotheses
1- Lumping
---Dmanisi= Homo erectus or habilis
2- Splitting
---Dmanisi= Homo ergaster & early African
3- Ultra-splitting
---Dmanisi= Homo georgicus
African=Homo ergaster |
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Term
|
Definition
All of Africa- China, Indonesia, (Georgia?)
1.8-.4mya (maybe until 50kya in China)
970cc brain
Similar molars to human
Similar post-crania to human
Acheulian Industry-1.5mya
---teardrop shaped handaxe
Long, low, football shaped cranium
Big brow ridges
Transverse torus- ridge of bone on back of skull for neck muscle attachments
Protruding face
Post-Orbital constriction- pinches in behind eyes
Teeth are smaller than Australopithecus, just a bit larger than in modern humans
Tooth shape suggests meat in diet, cusp morphology |
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Term
|
Definition
H. erectus
1.6mya, Kenya- long legs, short arms
Tall, narrow pelvis, large leg joints, foot arch (running?) |
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Term
| 2 Models of Last Common Acestor of Humans and Chimps |
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Definition
1- Terrestrial- quadruped knuckle-walker
chimp-like
ground up
2- Oragutan
arboreally "biped"
assisted bipedalism
trees-down |
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Term
| Adaptations to bipedalism |
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Definition
Foramen magnum positioned down
"S" shaped spine- disperses shock
Bowl shaped pelvis
Gluteus medius on sides
Lower intermembral index
carrying angle in knee
ankle joint
big toe aligned w/ others
efficiency on ground > tree abilities
rigid arch in foot |
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Term
|
Definition
Neanderthals
Europe, Middle East
Neandertal (Germany) La Chapelle (France) Shanidar (Iraq) Kebara (Israel)
130-28kya
Postcrania-shorter, esp. limbs
Wider pelvis
heavier build
Heat Loss∞(Surface Area)/(Body Mass)
Cold- Adapted, powerful
Mousterian Tradition, Fire |
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