1. Race & ethnicity

2. Social Class

3. Gender

4. Sexual Orientation

5. People with disabilities 

A system that maintains advantage and disadvantage based on social group membership and operates intentionally and unintentionally.

Core beliefs: 1. Some groups are superior to others.

2. Superior groups have institutional power.

3. Violence toward inferior groups.

4. Inferior groups internalizes negative messages about themselves. 

1. Exploitation-

dominant groups accumulates and maintains status power and assets from subordinate groups.

2. Marginalization-

Groups of ppl are denied the opportunity to participate in society in useful and meaning ways.

3. Powerlessness-

Marginalized groups lack authority, status, and sense of self.

4. Cultural Imperialism-

Imposition of dominant culture on other populations

5. Violence-

Threat that serves to kep marginalized groups stigmatized and intimated.

The ability to question one's history and social position for the purpose of confronting inequality- and sensitivity provide a base for the development of critical thinking.  Helps to unveil assumptions underlying institutional rules and looks at behaviors and attitudes the perpetuate oppression.

Involves an examination that looks beyond the immediate information presented.

1. Individual

Intentional, Unintentional, Acts of commission, Acts of Omission, Maintains structural barriers, Condoned by societal

2. Internalized

Reflects systems of privilege, Reflects societal values, Erodes individual sense of value, Undermines collective action

3. Institutional

Initial historical insult, Structural barriers, 

In action in face of need, Societal norms, Biological determinism, Unearned privilege

Brief and commonplace daily verbal, behavioral, and environmental indignities, whether intentional, that communicates hostile derogatory, or negative racial slights and insults towards ppl of color.

 Current experiences of discrimination, racism, and daily hassles targeted at individuals from different racial/ethnic groups. can be covert or overt.

Microassult- Explicit verbal or nonverbal attacks meant to hurt the victim through name calling, avoidant behavior or purposeful discriminatory actions.

Microinsult-Communications that convey rudeness, insensitivity, and demeans a persons racial heritage/identity.  Subtle snubs, frequently unknown to perpetrator and convey hidden insulting messages.

Microinvalidation- Communications that exclude, negate, or nullify the person's thoughts, feelings, or experiences.