Term
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Definition
| a person's surroundings, which influence the person's characteristics and development |
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Term
| nature/nuture controversy |
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Definition
| contrasting views of how we gain certain characteristics: nature refers to heredity, nuture to enviroment |
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Term
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Definition
| the basic units of heredity |
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Term
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Definition
| structures containing genes; all human cells contain 46 chromosomes, except reproductive cells, which contain 23 |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| twins who develop from different eggs fertilized by different sperm; they are not identical in their genetic make up |
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Term
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Definition
| characteristics obtained directly from the genes |
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Term
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Definition
| the automatic, orderly, sequential process of physical and mental development |
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Term
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Definition
| orderly patterns of development |
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Term
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Definition
| a biological process in which the young of certain species follow and become attached to their mothers |
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Term
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Definition
| a specific period of development that is the only time when a particular skill can begin to develop or a particular association can occur |
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Term
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Definition
| children supposedly reared by animals |
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Term
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Definition
| parents and their children |
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Term
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Definition
| nuclear family plus other relatives |
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Term
| permissive parenting style |
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Definition
| parenting style in which parents let children do as they wish; few rules are made or enforced |
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Term
| authoritarian (distorial) parenting style |
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Definition
| parenting style in which parents rigdly set the rules and demand obedience |
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Term
| authoritative parenting style |
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Definition
| parenting sytle in which parents seek input from children; parents are consistent but flexible in enforcing rules |
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Term
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Definition
| the baby's fear of being away from the parent |
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Term
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Definition
| the ways in which thinking and reasoning grown and change |
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Term
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Definition
| Piaget's first state of child development, from birth to about two years of age, in which knowledge is tied to movement and objects in the enviroment |
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Term
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Definition
| Piaget's second stage of child development, from about two to seven years of age, in which children acquire language and the ability to use symbols but are still not capable of logical thought |
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Term
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Definition
| Piaget's term for the idea that a relationship that goes in one direction can go in the another direction also |
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Term
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Definition
| Piaget's term for the idea that some of an object's characteristics can be changed while others remain the same; for example, changing shape does not change volume |
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Term
| concrete operations stage |
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Definition
| Piaget's third stage of child development, from about 7 to 11 years of age, in which the child understands that there is a real world with real objects, which exhist apart from the child and which can be manipulated |
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Term
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Definition
| Piaget's fourth stage of child development, beginning at about 11 years of age, in which the ability to deal with the highly symbolic and abstract thoughts found in logic, math, philosophy, and ethics begins to appear |
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Term
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Definition
| Kohlberg's early stage of moral development, in which morality is determined by the sheer power of outside authority |
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Term
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Definition
| Kohlberg's middle stage of moral development, in which moral reasoning is based on the expectations of others regarding what is right or wrong |
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Term
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Definition
| Kohlberg's last stage of moral development, in which personal ethics and human rights come into play |
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Term
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Definition
| the period development between childhood and adulthood |
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Term
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Definition
| the time of sexual maturation |
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Term
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Definition
| twins who develop from different eggs fertilized by different sprem; they are not identical in their genetic make up |
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Term
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Definition
| twins who develop from one fertilized egg; they are identical in their genetic makeup |
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Term
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Definition
| the automatic, orderly, sequential process of physical and mental development |
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Term
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Definition
| orderly patterns of development |
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Term
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Definition
| a biological process in which the young of ccertain species follow and become attached to their mothers |
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Term
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Definition
| a specific period of development that is the only time when a particular skill can begin to develop or a particular association can occur |
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Term
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Definition
| children supposedly reared by animals |
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Term
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Definition
| parents and their children |
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Term
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Definition
| nuclear family plus other relatives |
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Term
| permissive parenting style |
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Definition
| parenting style in which parents let children do as they wish; few rules are made or enforced |
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Term
| authoritarian (dictatorial) parenting style |
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Definition
| parenting style in which parents rigidly set the rules and demand obedience |
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Term
| authoritative parenting style |
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Definition
| parenting style in which parents seek input from children; parents are consistent but flexiable in enforcing rules |
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Term
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Definition
| the baby's fear of being away from the parent |
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Term
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Definition
| the ways in which thinking and reasoning grow and change |
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Term
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Definition
| Piaget's first stage of child development, from birth to about two years of age, in which knowledge is tied to movement and objects in the enviroment |
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Term
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Definition
| Piaget's term for the awareness that specific objects are real and exist all by themselves |
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Term
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Definition
| Piaget's second stage of child development, from about two to secen years of age, in which children acquire language and the ability to use symnbols but are still not capable of logical thought |
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Term
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Definition
| Piaget's term for the idea that a relationship that goes in one direction can go in the other direction also |
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Term
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Definition
| Piaget's term for the idea that some of an object's characteristics can be changed while other remain the same; for example, changing shape does not change volume |
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Term
| concrete operations stage |
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Definition
| Piaget's third stage of child development, from about 7 to 11 years of age, in which the child understands that there is a real world with real objects, which exist apart from the child and which can be manipulated |
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Term
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Definition
| Piaget's fourth stage of child development, beginning at about 11 years of age, in which the highly symbolic and abstract thoughts found in logic, math, philosophy, and ethics begin to appear |
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Term
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Definition
| Kohlberg's early stage of moral development, in which morality is determined by the sheer power of outside authority |
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Term
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Definition
| Kohlberg's middle stage of moral development, in which moral reasoning is based on the expectations of others regarding what is right or wrong |
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Term
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Definition
| Kohlberg's last stage of moral development, in which personal ethics and human rights come into play |
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Term
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Definition
| the period of development between childhood and adulthood |
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Term
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Definition
| the time of sexual maturation |
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Term
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Definition
| chemical regulations that control bodily processes such as emotional responses, growth, and sexuality |
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Term
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Definition
| the master gland of the body; it activates other glands and controls the growth hormone |
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Term
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Definition
| glands that cause excitement in order to prepare the body for an emergency or for some important activity; also involved in sexual maturation |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a rapid increase in growth during puberty |
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Term
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Definition
| someone whose physical development is one and one-half years or more ahead of average development |
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Term
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Definition
| someone whose physical development is one and one-half years or more behind average development |
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Term
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Definition
| conditions in which a person cannot read the body's nutritional signals and eat or refuses to eat for the wrong reasons |
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Term
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Definition
| an eating disorder that involves beinging on food and purging by vomiting or using laxatives |
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Term
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Definition
| an eating disorder that involves severe loss of weight from excessive dieting |
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Term
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Definition
| a socially recognized and ritualized change in status, such as the passage to adulthood |
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Term
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Definition
| large groups with loose rules and changeable memberships |
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Term
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Definition
| a very tightly knit group with limited membershit and strict rules of behavior; normally tied to school activities |
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Term
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Definition
| a rebellious, antisocial group with strict rules; not connected with accepted school or social organizations |
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Term
| group identity versus alienation |
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Definition
| Erikson's idea that early adolescents either belong to a group of feel lost (alienated) |
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Term
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Definition
| a sense of oneself as a unique person |
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Term
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Definition
| Erikson's term for uncertainty about who one is and where one is going |
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Term
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Definition
| a term used by both Erkison and Marcia to describe the adolescent's decay in making the commitments normally expected of adults |
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Term
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Definition
| Erikson's term for faithfulness to one's ideals and values; loyalty |
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Term
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Definition
| Marcia's term for the state in which the adolescent accepts that identity and values he or she was given in childhood |
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Term
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Definition
| Marcia's term for an identity that results from defining oneself as bad or as a troublemaker |
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Term
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Definition
| Marcia;s term for the state in which the adolescent has no clear idea of his or her identity and is not attmepting to find that identity |
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