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Human Development Unit 4
Human Development Unit 4
161
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
03/29/2014

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Term
Crystallization
Definition
using ideas about talents and interests to shape one’s provisional career prospects
Term
Specification
Definition
learning more about career matches to one’s interests, abilities, and personality; possibly beginning training
Term
Implementation
Definition
entering the workforce and learning firsthand about jobs, responsibility
Term
Personality-type theory
Definition
theorywork is fulfilling when it fits important facets of personality
Term
Holland Personality-Type theory
Definition
identified six personality prototypes that fit into jobs
Term
Strong Interest Inventory (SII)
Definition
measure of how much one likes different occupations, school subjects, etc.
Term
Earn and spend
Definition
: working teens do not learn how to manage money, due to parents still covering
Term
Part-Time Employment
Definition
Teens with job are better at handling adult job stress

increased self esteem and money management
Term
What percent of teens drink?
Definition
2/3 of teenagers drink or 50% get drunk
Term
What makes teens more likely to drink?
Definition
If parents drink

when peers drink & exert pressure to drink

to cope with stress at home, with peers, or at school
Term
What can reduce teen drinking?
Definition
teaching effective coping mechanisms
in-school student-led discussions of facts about drinking and how to resist peer pressure
Term
When does smoking usually start?
Definition
6th - 7th grade
Term
Which factors increase chances of smoking?
Definition
If parents or friends smoke
If parenting is not authoritative
Informal school norms that it’s ok to smoke
Term
Treating Depression 2 approaches
Definition
antidepressant drugs

psychotherapy

(work best when coupled together)
Term
Adolescent-limited antisocial behavior
Definition
relatively minor criminal acts by those who aren’t consistently antisocial

Short-lived,
Term
Life-course persistent antisocial behavior
Definition
Life-course persistent antisocial antisocial behaviors emerging at an early age and continuing throughout life
Term
Contributors to life-course antisocial behavior
Definition
Heredity

Biology

Harmful cognitive processes

Family processes - stress
Term
Emerging adulthood
Definition
a relatively new term referring to the period when people are not adolescents but are not fully adults
Term
Quarterlife crisis
Definition
similar to a midlife crisis, but occurs in one’s 20s
Term
Role transitions
Definition
new responsibilities and duties mark movement into the next developmental stages (e.g., marriage)
Term
Rites of passage
Definition
important rituals marking initiation into adulthood (e.g., college graduation or marriage ceremonies)
Term
College attendance
Definition
±10% in early 1900s, but ±67% today
Term
College success
Definition
increases with student’s psychological well-being and when all parties take responsibility and are supportive
Term
Edgework
Definition
living on the boundary between life and death in physically or psychologically risky situations

Men do not rehearse these; are highly confident
Term
Older hypothesis (risk taking)
Definition
higher risk-taking with lesser prefrontal cortical development
Term
Newer data (risk taking)
Definition
sociodemographics — mainly poverty — explain risk-taking
Term
Intimacy vs. isolation
Definition
: major psychosocial conflict during young adulthood (Erikson’s 6th stage)

Stronger sense of one’s own identity is needed to achieve this intimacy
Term
Financial independence
Definition
major marker of becoming an adult
Term
Binge drinking
Definition
consuming ≥5 (men) or ≥4 (women)drinks in a row within 2 weeks
Term
Students are likeliest to binge drink when
Definition
alcohol is readily available

they have positive attitudes toward drinking

: doing other drugs in the past 30 days; being a male, fraternity or sorority member
Term
NIAAA’s four-tiered approach
Definition
preventing binge drinking on college campuses

Least effective strategies are Tier 4

Most effective strategies are Tier 1
(one on one intervention)
Term
Alcoholism
Definition
an addiction involving physical dependence on alcohol and withdrawal symptoms when not drinking
Term
Metabolism
Definition
how much energy the body needs

Slows down with age
Term
Health factors
Definition
social factors

gender

Ethnicity
Term
Baltes et al.’s three dimensions
Definition
Multidirectionality

Interindividual variability

Plasticity
Term
Multidirectionality
Definition
some aspects improve while others decline during adulthood
Term
Interindividual variability
Definition
patterns of change vary between people
Term
Plasticity
Definition
abilities can be modified under the right conditions
Term
Meaning-mission fit:
Definition
alignment between one’s personal view of work and the company’s missions
Term
Holland Six personality types
Definition
investigative, social, realistic, artistic, conventional, and enterprising
Term
Social Cognitive Career Theory (SCCT)
Definition
Self-efficacy (perceived ability)
Outcome expectations (predicted success)
Interest (what one likes)
Choice goals (what one desires to achieve)

support

barriers
Term
How we advance in occupations
Definition
expectations
support from coworkers
priorities
job satisfaction
Term
Vocational maturity
Definition
continuum through the working years reflecting how congruent a person’s occupational behaviors are with what is expected of them at different ages
Term
Super’s Theory
Definition
Changes in self-concept and adaptation stages

Implementation
Establishment
Maintenance
Deceleration
Retirement
Term
During adulthood, people progress through three developmental tasks
Definition
Implementation (trying out jobs)
Stabilization (making an occupational choice)
Consolidation (advancing up the career ladder)
Term
three adult developmental tasks overlap with four developmental stages
Definition
Exploratory (age 15-24)
Establishment (age 24-44)
Maintenance (age 45-64)
Decline (age 65 and beyond)
Term
Reality shock
Definition
what we learned during training may not transfer directly into what the “real world”
Term
Kram Role of Mentors
Definition
Initiation
Cultivation
Separation
Redefinition
Term
Alienation
Definition
workers feel meaningless and devalued,

not reaching desired goals
Term
two types of passion accurately predict who burns out
Definition
Obsessive passion

Harmonious passion
Term
Obsessive passion
Definition
uncontrollable urges to engage in work; interferes with positive feelings or satisfaction
Term
Harmonious passion
Definition
freely choosing to engage in work, and work does not overpower one’s identity
Term
Glass ceiling
Definition
the promotional level above which women may not go
Term
Glass cliff
Definition
women obtaining a precarious promotion, e.g., in times of an organizational crisis
Term
Backup care
Definition
emergency care for dependents preventing employee from missing work

less work-family conflict
Term
Middle age
Definition
starts at age 40
Term
Osteoporosis is more common in women, because _____________
Definition
they have less bone mass in general
post-menopausal estrogen decreases
Term
Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMS)
Definition
drugs allowing estrogen to affect bones, while blocking negative effects on breasts and uterus

(e.g. Raloxifene)
Term
The climacteric
Definition
passing from the reproductive to the nonreproductive years due to biological changes
Term
Perimenopause
Definition
transition phase from regular menstruation to menopause

Starts in the 40s and usually complete by the mid-50s
Term
Menopausal hormone therapy (MHT):
Definition
low does of estrogen, sometimes with progestin
Term
Type A behavior pattern
Definition
intensely competitive, angry, hostile, restless, and aggressive, whereas

“Type B” is the opposite
Term
Practical intelligence
Definition
broad range of skills related to how individuals adapt to their physical and social environments and solve “real world” problems
Term
Mechanics of intelligence
Definition
aspects of fluid intelligence
Term
Pragmatics of intelligence
Definition
aspects of crystallized intelligence
Term
Encapsulation
Definition
when thinking processes merge with the products of thinking, causes expert performance at old age
Term
Costa and McCrae’s “Big Five” model of personality dimensions (OCEAN),
Definition
Openness to experience

Conscientiousness

Extraversion

Agreeableness

Neuroticism
Term
Openness to experience:
Definition
having a vivid imagination and dream life, appreciating art, and desiring to try anything once
Term
Conscientiousness
Definition
being hard-working, ambitious, energetic, persevering
Term
Extraversion
Definition
thriving on social interaction, liking to talk, easily taking charge, readily expressing feelings,
Term
Agreeableness
Definition
being accepting, willing to work with others, and caring
Term
Neuroticism
Definition
being anxious, hostile, self-conscious, depressed, impulsive, and vulnerable
Term
Generativity
Definition
Erikson’s 7th phase, being productive by helping others and guiding the next generation
Term
Stagnation
Definition
being unable to deal with their children’s needs or mentoring younger adults
Term
Narrative
Definition
constructing a life story based on an identity of being generative
Term
Ego-resilience:
Definition
positive capacity to cope with stress, adversity, or transitions
Term
Kinkeeper
Definition
the person who gathers the family together for celebrations and keeps them in touch
Term
Sandwich generation
Definition
being caught between caring for parents and children
Term
Boomerang kids
Definition
when children move back to their parent’s home at least once
Term
Fictive grandparenting
Definition
: when adults fill-in for missing or deceased grandparents

(native americans)
Term
Cultural conservator:
Definition
grandchildren live with grandparents in order to learn (tribal) customs
Term
Demographers
Definition
study population trends
Term
Why do better educated people live longer?
Definition
more money, better healthcare, more knowledge
Term
Longevity
Definition
number of years a person can expect to live
Term
Useful life expectancy
Definition
number of years a person is expected to live free from debilitating chronic disease
Term
Average life expectancy
Definition
: age at which half of the people born in a particular year will die
Term
Third age
Definition
ages of 60-80 (aka the young-old)
Knowledge and technological advances contribute to their better life quality
Term
Fourth age
Definition
over 80 (aka the oldest-old)
Few interventions have been developed to reverse this group’s physiological, cognitive, and disease-related declines
Term
Biological Theories of Aging
Definition
“Damage or error” and “programmed” theories
Term
Free radicals
Definition
: cellular damage is caused by chemicals bonding to cells’ insides
Term
Cross-linking theory
Definition
certain proteins make muscles and arteries less flexible
Term
neuritic plaques
Definition
damaged or defective neurons collect and form around a core of protein
Term
neurofibrillary tangles
Definition
spiral-shaped masses form in the axon’s fibers
Term
Structural imaging
Definition
X-rays, CT scans, and MRIs are used to study brain anatomy
Term
Functional neuroimaging
Definition
SPECT, PET, fMRI, and MIRSI are used to measure brain activity
Term
Transient ischemic attacks (TIAs):
Definition
interruptions of blood flow to the brain that may forewarn a stroke
Term
Cerebral vascular accidents (CVAs):
Definition
strokes reflecting reduced blood flow to the brain due to blockages or hemorrhages
Term
Vascular dementia
Definition
small cerebral vascular accidents causing dementia
Term
Presbycusis
Definition
losing the ability to hear low-pitched sounds
Term
Neural loss
Definition
loss of auditory pathway neurons
Term
Metabolic loss
Definition
diminished nutrient supply to receptor cells
Term
Mechanical
Definition
atrophy and stiffening of the receptor area’s vibrating structures
Term
Sensory
Definition
atrophy and degeneration of receptor cells
Term
Psychomotor speed
Definition
how quickly a person reacts to make a specific response

Predicts performance on cognitive tasks requiring little effort
Term
Useful field of view (UVOF):
Definition
tests information-processing speed, simultaneous monitoring of central and peripheral stimuli;
Term
Clock drawing test
Definition
how well people reproduce various clock faces from memory
Term
AAA’s “Roadwise Review
Definition
assesses eight functional areas, e.g., leg strength, head and neck flexibility, visual acuity, working memory
Term
Explicit memory:
Definition
conscious and deliberate memory for previously learned information
Term
Implicit memory
Definition
unconscious and automatic (non-deliberate) memory about previously learned information as seen through one’s behavior or reactions

hard to put into words
Term
Semantic memory
Definition
remembering the meaning of words and concepts; recalling facts not tied to a specific event or time
Term
Episodic memory
Definition
recalling information about the world tied to a specific time or event (e.g., what you can recall about 9-11)
Term
Autobiographical memory
Definition
one form of episodic memory for personal life events (e.g., your 5th birthday party)
Term
E-I-E-I-O framework
Definition
combines explicit vs. implicit memory with external vs. internal memory aids to create four types of memory interventions
Term
Explicit-external aids
Definition
using environmental resources, such as pagers, calendars or notebooks; helps overcome limited or declining attention and storage space in working memory
Term
Explicit-internal aids
Definition
using mnemonic devices, such as visual imagery, rehearsal, or the method of loci
Term
Implicit-external aids
Definition
using sensory images to help memory
Term
Implicit-internal aids
Definition
using priming, retrieval training, or classical conditioning to help memory
Term
Diagnosing depression
Definition
: feeling and physical changes must be present for at least two weeks
Term
Dysphoria
Definition
feeling sad or down, which older people describe as “feeling helpless” or “feeling tired”
Term
Treating Depression in Older Adults
Definition
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) are the most preferred

Boost mood-regulating serotonin levels
Term
Cognitive therapy
Definition
helps the person lessen maladaptive beliefs about the self and view the future more positively
Term
Behavior therapy
Definition
practice and homework assignments help the person experience more reinforcement and avoid negative events
Term
Anxiety disorders
Definition
excessive, irrational dread about everyday situations, including irrational severe anxiety, phobias, obsessions and/or compulsions
Term
Autosomal dominant inheritance
Definition
genes with 100% accuracy in predicting early onset alzheimers
Term
Continuity theory
Definition
people use familiar remembered strategies to cope with daily life
Term
Competence
Definition
upper limit of physical health, ego strength; sensory-perceptual, motor, and cognitive skills
Term
Environmental press
Definition
physical, interpersonal, or social demands of the environment
Term
Adaptation level
Definition
point at which the press level is average for a particular level of competence
Term
Zone of maximum performance potential
Definition
point at which slight increases in press level improve performance
Term
Zone of maximum comfort
Definition
point at which slight decreases in press level maximize life quality, adaptive behavior, and positive affect
Term
Life review
Definition
reflecting on experiences and events of one’s lifetime

Can promote either integrity or despair (Erikson’s 8th stage)
Term
Integrity
Definition
feeling good about one’s past choices, coming to terms with one’s death
Term
Despair
Definition
externalizing one’s problems; feeling a sense of meaninglessness
Term
Subjective well-being
Definition
the positive feelings that can result from certain life evaluations
Term
Retirement
Definition
a transition involving sudden (“crisp”) or gradual (“blurred”) withdrawal from full-time employment
Term
Sociocultural Definitions of Death
Definition
Cultures differ in how they view and deal with death
Term
Clinical death
Definition
whole brain death
Term
Bioethics
Definition
study of interface between human values and technological advances in the health and life sciences
Term
Euthanasia
Definition
merciful ending of life
Term
Active euthanasia
Definition
: deliberately ending life (e.g., by a drug overdose)
Term
Passive euthanasia
Definition
allowing a person to die by not giving available treatment
Term
Living will
Definition
stating one’s wishes about life support and other treatments
Term
Durable power of attorney for healthcare
Definition
person appoints someone to act as an agent for his/her healthcare decisions
Term
Kübler-Ross’s Theory
Definition
Denial – shock, disbelief
Anger – hostility, resentment (“Why me?”)
Bargaining – looking for a way out
Depression – no longer able to deny, patients experience sorrow, loss, guilt, and shame
Acceptance – acceptance of death’s inevitability with peace and detachment
Term
Terror management theory
Definition
our deeply rooted fear of mortality makes not dying the primary motive underlying all behaviors
Term
Final scenario
Definition
making one’s choices known and providing information about how one wants his/her life to end, including the process of separating from family and friends
Term
palliative care
Definition
focused on relief from pain or other disease symptoms

not treatment
Term
Bereavement
Definition
the state or condition caused by loss through death
Term
Grief
Definition
the sorrow, hurt, anger, guilt, confusion, and other feelings that arise after suffering a loss (varies greatly)
Term
Mourning
Definition
culturally approved ways in which grief is expressed
Term
Anticipatory grief
Definition
going through a period of anticipating a loved one’s death, which supposedly buffers its impact
Term
Grief work
Definition
psychological facets of coming to terms with bereavement
Term
Five themes of grief
Definition
Coping

Affect

Change

Narrative

Relationship
Term
Anniversary reaction
Definition
sadness-related behaviors seen on the anniversary of the death
Term
Expressions of grief
Definition
differ with ethnicity and culture
Term
Dual-process model (DPM)
Definition
Loss-oriented stressors

Restoration-oriented stressors

Flip-flop between the two
Term
Loss-oriented stressors
Definition
stressors related to the loss itself
Term
Restoration-oriented stressors
Definition
stressors present when adapting to the survivor’s new life situation
Term
Separation distress
Definition
: isolation; preoccupation with, upsetting memories of, longing and searching for the deceased to the point of interfering with everyday functioning
Term
Traumatic distress
Definition
disbelief and shock about the death, experiencing the deceased’s presence; mistrust, anger, and detachment from others
Term
Childhood bereavement
Definition
Different age groups handle bereavement differently
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