Term
| Female Genital Mutilation |
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Definition
| Female circumcision via removal of the clitoris. Complete removal of clitoris and labia minora, sewing remaining tissue until female is married. |
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Definition
| Glands that regulate body functions and processes via hormones. The hypothalamus is part of the brain that secretes the substances that influence the function of the endocrine system. The Pituitary gland is the master gland that controls hormone functions. |
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Definition
| chemical signals not noticed by the human senses by released by an organism to effect a behavioral response in another. Females release phermones during fertile period of menstrual cycle. |
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Definition
| women who live together menstruate at the same time. Women exposed to sweat collected at different times of menstrual cycle sped or slowed their own cycle. |
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Definition
| shedding of the uterine lining. The lining of the uterus is prepared to nourish a fertilized ovum. If conception occurs, no shedding. If no conception, the lining sheds and exits the body via the vagina. |
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Term
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Definition
| First phase of ovulation. The endometrium of the uterus thickens and the ovum matures. |
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Term
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Definition
| endometrium further thickens and corpus luteum develops, the tissues after the rupture of ovarian follicle. |
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Term
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Definition
| Produced and maintained by the corpus luteum. Used to maintain the uterus during pregnancy. |
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Term
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Definition
| Third phase of ovulation. The ovum passes through the fallopian tube and into the uterus. If unfertilized, it dissolves and the uterus sheds the endometrium through the cervix as menstrual flow. |
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Term
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Definition
| Ovaries begin to produce large amount of estrogen, signaling release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone from hypothalamus. This stimulates the pituitary gland to release luteinizing and follicle stimulating hormone. As LH increases, Progesterone levels rise to suppress LH. If no fertilization, then progesterone inhibits GnRH which inhibits progesterone causing corpus luteum to die. |
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Term
| Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) |
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Definition
| Symptoms that affect women before or during menstruation. Hormonal fluctuations and interactions with neurotransmitters are primary causes (i.e. serotonin). |
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Term
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Definition
| Severe uterine pain during menstruation. Prostaglandins are released during menstruation and cause inflammation in the uterus making it contract. |
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Term
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Definition
| Absence of menstrual periods. Common during pregnancy or after menopause. If a women by age of 16 has not had a period it is primary amenorrhea. |
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Term
| Toxic Shock Syndrome (TSS) |
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Definition
| Involves fever, shock and problems with function of body organs. Caused by toxin produced by certain bacteria. Associated with use of tampons on regular basis during menstrual cycle. |
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Term
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Definition
| Time in woman's life when menstruation stops and body prevents her from being pregnant (mid 40s to early 50s). Time when female undergoes changes associated with menopause is perimenopause. |
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Term
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Definition
| During this time, estrogen, progesterone and testosterone decline. When ovaries stop releasing the ova, the FSH and LH begin to rise. Hot flash are common symptoms. Menopause occurs when a women goes 1 yr w/o ovulation |
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Term
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Definition
| Primary male organ for sexual pleasure. Symbol of power, fertility and good luck. Transports both urine and semen. The penis itself is not a muscle. |
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Term
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Definition
| firm and enlarged condition of organ where erectile tissue is filled with blood. |
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Term
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Definition
| Covering of the penile glans in an uncircumcised man. Penile glans are found at the very top of the penis. If uncared for, secretions can accumulate underneath foreskin producing smegma. |
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Definition
| Held in the scrotal sac and produce testosterone and sperm. Produce sperm at a cooler temperature than body temperature. |
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Term
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Definition
| Process of sperm production inside the testicle in the seminiferous tubule. |
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Term
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Definition
| During sexual arousal, nerve signal from the brain travel to the erection centers on the spinal cord. Nitric Oxide signals the smooth muscle in penis to relax which allows blood to enter erectile tissue. |
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Term
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Definition
| Autonomic nervous response where sperm leaves the epididymis, moves through the vas deferens and is expelled via the urethra. Secretions from seminal vesicles and prostate gland are added to the sperm to make semen. |
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Term
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Definition
| 1st phase of ejaculation. Cremaster muscle pulls the testes closer to body and semen is prepared for release. |
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Term
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Definition
| 2nd phase of of ejaculation. Rythmic contractions of smooth muscle/tissue in the different sex organs force semen out. After this phase, penis is soft and relaxed called detumescence. |
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Term
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Definition
| Period of time where the penis will not become erect regardless of further sexual stimulation. Becomes longer as age increases. |
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Definition
| Involves entirely or partially removing the foreskin. Usually performed on infant boys. Very common practice throughout the world. Has become questionable over the past years. |
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Term
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Definition
| Decreasing levels of testosterone later in life slow the desire for sex and reduce depth of sensation in genitals. |
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Term
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Definition
| Inviolability of the physical body. Emphasizes importance of personal autonomy and self-determination of individuals over their own bodies. |
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Term
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Definition
| The idea that someone's genitals ought to be left intact and not be interfered with. Choice to modify genitals is left to the individual. |
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Term
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Definition
| Areas on the body that provide a lot of pleasure when touched, caressed, licked or kissed. Primary zones are areas most associated with sexual touch and pleasure. Secondary zones are ares of body were we feel sexual sensation. |
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Term
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Definition
| Excitement, plateau, orgasm and resolution. A four-phase model proposed by Masters and Johnson to describe the sexual response cycle. |
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Term
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Definition
| First phase in the body's sexual response. The brain sends signals to the body to prepare it for possible sexual activity. |
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Term
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Definition
| 2nd phase of sexual response. Once the body is prepared for sexual activity, partners may work to stimulate and elicit further sexual response. The body experiences a sex flush. |
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Term
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Definition
| Third phase of sexual response. Occurs at peak of plateau phase. Rhythmic muscle contractions. Involves muscle tension and relaxation throughout the entire body. Brain releases endorphins that alter emotions after orgasm. |
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Term
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Definition
| Last phase of sexual response. Body experiences relaxation and psychological wellness. Extra blood drains from genitals, organs return to normal size. Women can have very short resolution periods. |
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Term
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Definition
| Proposed an amendment to the EPOR model. There is a stage of desire before excitement, though it is not necessary for sexual pleasure. |
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Term
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Definition
| Stimulation of a partner's genitals by mouth. Fellatio is oral sex performed on a man and cunnilingus is oral sex performed on a woman. |
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Term
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Definition
| Penile-Vaginal intercourse engaged by heterosexual couples. |
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Term
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Definition
Man lies on top of the women during sex. Most common position in western culture.
Pros: Maximize eye contact, easy for penis to enter vagina, man feels dominant
Cons: Difficult to caress woman's body, More difficult to stimulate clitoris, man's weight may be uncomfortable. |
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Definition
Female on top position. Most common throughout parts of the world.
Pros: Both partners can touch each other, woman is more dominant
Cons: Thrusting for man more difficult, may be too passive for man. |
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Term
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Definition
Rear-entry position where man inserts penis into vagina from behind.
Pros: Deep penetration, man can caress breast, good position during pregnancy
Cons: may be uncomfortable, no eye contact/kissing |
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Term
| Sexual pleasure as a human right |
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Definition
| The right to pursue sexual pleasure in a safe and satisfying way leading to overall better health. Fundamental to human rights. |
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Term
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Definition
Comprises 23% of all cancers in women. The older a woman is, the more likely she will develop breast cancer. Risks of developing breast cancer include:
not having children or having children late
reaching menarche early
beginning menopause at a late age
Having family members with breast cancer
Having a genetic condition/mutation
Overweight especially after menopause
Using oral contraceptives
Drinking Alcohol |
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Term
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Definition
| low dose X-Ray of the breast used to detect growths and cancer in breast tissue. This allows physicians to look for early signs of breast cancer. |
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Term
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Definition
| Removing cancerous tumor in the breast leaving the breast intact. |
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Term
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Definition
| Removal of one or both breast and possible other tissue to eradicate the cancer. |
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Term
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Definition
| A pelvic exam is recommended for girls as early as teenagers. Pap smear should begin 3 years after first engaging in sex or by 21 years old until 30 years. The patient removes her clothes, wears a gown, lies on the bed and puts her feet in stirrups. |
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Term
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Definition
| Instrument used to open the vagina allowing the physician to view the vaginal wall and cervix. |
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Term
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Definition
| Begins in the urinary system. Develops when bacteria enter the urinary tract through the urethra and multiply in the bladder. |
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Term
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Definition
| Inflammation of the vagina that can result in unpleasant symptoms including discharge, itching and pain. May be caused by abnormal balance of bacteria in vagina or infection due to reduced estrogen after menopause. |
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Term
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Definition
| Overgrowth of one or more organisms present in the vagina upsetting the natural balance of bacteria. |
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Term
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Definition
| Naturally occurring fungus changes normal environment of the vagina. |
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Term
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Definition
| Parasite that spread during sex with someone already infected. Infects the urinary tract in women. Symptoms include genital irritation, burning or pain urination and foul-smelling discharge |
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Term
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Definition
| Due to reduced estrogen levels after menopause. Vaginal tissue becomes thinner and drier leading to itching, burning and pain during intercourse. |
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Term
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Definition
Includes five types of cancer affecting the reproductive system.
Vaginal
Vulvar
Uterine
Ovarian
Cervical |
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Term
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Definition
| Cancer beginning in the uterus. Most common often forms in the endometrial lining of the uterus. |
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Term
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Definition
| Usually begins in one or both ovaries. Mostly occurs in women over 40. |
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Term
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Definition
| Begins in the cervix and is easiest to prevent. Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the main cause of cervical cancer. |
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Term
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Definition
Tends to occur in younger men. Generally affects one testicle. Normally originates in the germ cells (cells that produce sperm). Risk factors include:
Cryptorchidism - an undescended testicle
Abnormal Testicle development
Family history
Age |
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Term
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Definition
| Affects the prostate gland which produces seminal fluid. Usually occurs in older men. Higher chance after age 50. |
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Term
| Prostate-specific Antigen (PSA) |
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Definition
| Routine screening that detects prostate cancer. Can result in false positives because it cannot indicate level of aggressiveness. |
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Term
| Sexually Transmitted Infection |
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Definition
Risk factors include:
Unprotected Sex
Multiple Partners
Engaging in sex at an early age
Alcohol and drug use |
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Term
| Human immunodeficiency virus |
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Definition
| Clearest danger of unprotected ex. Leads to destruction of immune system via an illness called acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). |
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Term
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Definition
| A virus that destroys the cells of the body's immune system as it reproduces. Responsible for HIV and AIDS. |
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Term
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Definition
| Only specific fluids from an HIV infected person can transmit HIV. They must come in contact with a mucous membrane, damaged tissue or be directly injected into the bloodstream. |
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Term
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Definition
| Lasts for a few weeks and accompanies with short flu-like illness. There is enough HIV in the blood for the immune system to start producing antibodies (serconversion). |
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Term
| Clinically asymptomatic stage |
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Definition
| 2nd stage of HIV infection. Lasts 10 up to 20 years. HIV levels in the blood drop but antibodies are still around. |
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Term
| Symptomatic HIV infection |
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Definition
| HIV will start damaging the immune system. Opportunistic infections that could normally be fought off start appearing. |
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Term
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Definition
| A diagnosis for AIDS made if T-cell count is bellow 200 and the person be infected w/ one or more of 20 opportunistic infections. PCP is the most common infection. |
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Term
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Definition
| Found in various bodily fluids. Spread primarily via sexual contact. Can be treated with antibiotic. |
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Term
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Definition
| A bacterial STI. Can reproduce in the cervix, uterus and fallopian tube in women and urethra in men and women. Common. Symptoms appear 2-5 days after infection. |
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Term
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Definition
| Common bacterial STI. Most frequent bacterial STI. A silent infection because most don't experience symptoms. Can be transmitted during sex. |
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Term
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Definition
| Bacterial STI. Imitator because it's symptoms are indistinguishable from other infections. Develops in stages. Primary stage - appearance of single sore called chancre. Appears where syphilis entered body. Secondary stage - symptoms include rash and lesions. Latent and Late stage - Symptoms begin to disappear. Can last for several years. |
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Term
| Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) |
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Definition
| Infection of the uterus, fallopian tubes and other female reproductive organs. Occurs when bacteria move upward from the vagina or cervix into the reproductive organs. Associate w/ gonorrhea or chlamydia. |
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Term
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Definition
| Parasites infest generally on top of the body or just under the skin, not in the bloodstream. |
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Term
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Definition
| Parasitic STI. Caused by infestation of the skin by human itch mite. Mite burrows into upper layer of skin and lays eggs. Can occur in crowded conditions. Transmission is via skin-to-skin contact. |
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Term
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Definition
| Parasitic STI that is found in the pubic or genital are. Lice eggs are small and hard to see. Attach to hair shaft. Grow and hatch into nymph and adult pubic lice. Can be seen crawling on the body. |
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Term
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Definition
| Virus contraction via high-risk sexual behavior. Include HIV, HPV, herpes and hepatitis. Have no cure. |
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Term
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Definition
| Skin condition characterized by sores on mouth or genitals. Helps spread HIV. |
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Term
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Definition
| A condition from a group of over 100 viruses. Cause genital warts and lesions on/near the genitals or anus. Leading cause of cervical cancer. |
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Term
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Definition
| Inflammation of the liver. Hepatitis B is associated with sexual contact. Causes chronic infection, cirrhosis and cancer of the liver. |
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Term
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Definition
| Method that we use to prevent conception and unintended pregnancies. Help prevent the transmission of STIs. Abortion is not contraception. Methods include: |
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Term
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Definition
| Withdrawal of penis before ejaculation |
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Term
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Definition
| Putting pressure on the testicles causing sperm to ejaculate into the bladder. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Washing out the vagina or the penis. |
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Term
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Definition
| A suppository, object or elixir placed in the vagina. Either kills or blocks the passage of sperm into the cervix. |
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Term
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Definition
| Began around 3,000 years ago. Extremely popular contraceptive method. |
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Term
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Definition
| Helped pass the Comstock Act of 1873. Made it illegal to distribute information about contraception and devices because they were immoral and obscene. Very popular law at the time because smaller families were considered a moral disease. |
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Term
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Definition
| Believed in free love and sexual rights. Credited with coining the term birth control. Campaigned to decriminalize contraception. Advanced sexual literacy of women through contraception education and counseling. Opened the first birth control clinic in 1916. |
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Term
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Definition
| Number of women out of 100 who will become pregnant within the first year of using a particular method. Every contraception method has a failure rate. |
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Term
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Definition
| Typical number of people who become pregnant accidentally with a particular method. |
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Term
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Definition
| Failure rate of a contraceptive method that is used regularly and correctly. |
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Term
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Definition
| Completely refraining from sexual intercourse in order to prevent pregnancy. Practiced mostly among religious groups. 100% effective in preventing pregnancy and STIs without cost but can be difficult to maintain. |
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Term
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Definition
| Engaging in sexual behaviors that will not cause pregnancy or transmission of STIs and do not involve vaginal, anal or oral intercourse. Involves deep kissing, touching and mutual masturbation. |
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Term
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Definition
| Thin sheath of latex, polyurethane or silicone that fits over the erect penis. During ejaculation, the condom catches the semen and prevents it from entering the vagina, cervix, anus or mouth. Also protect against STIs including HIV. |
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Term
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Definition
| Made of latex or polyurethane. Worn by the woman internally. Has a closed flexible ring on one end and an open-ended ring on the other. During ejaculation, the condom prevents semen from entering the vagina or cervix. Can be inserted up to 8 hours before intercourse. Should not be used in tandem with a male condom. |
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Term
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Definition
| An object along with vaginal spermicide to cover the opening to the cervix to prevent sperm from joining the egg. Include diaphragm, cervical cap, Lea's Shield and FemCap. All of these are dome shaped. |
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Term
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Definition
| Covers the upper vaginal wall from behind the cervix to underneath the pubic bone. |
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Term
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Definition
| Small and fits over the cervix only. |
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Term
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Definition
| Rims rest on the vaginal wall surrounding the cervix and have removable straps. Allows a one-way flow of fluid from the cervix to the vagina but prevents semen from contact with the cervix. |
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Term
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Definition
| Creams, foams and gels that contain a chemical that is lethal to sperm. Placed high up in the vagina near the cervix. Most effective when used with a barrier method. Do not protect against STIs. |
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Term
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Definition
| Birth Control Pill. Women could control their own reproductive cycles. The combination pill has combined estrogen and progestin and the minipill contains only progestin. Women begin taking their pill on the first day of her period. They prevent ovulation by changing hormone levels, thicken the cervical mucus to prevent sperm from joining with egg and change the uterine lining to prevent implantation of egg. Minipill is used specifically for women who are breastfeeding because estrogen could reduce milk production. |
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Term
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Definition
| Contains 21 active pills that contain the same level of hormones. |
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Term
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Definition
| Contains 21 pills with two different levels of estrogen and progestin. |
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Term
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Definition
| Contains 21 pills with three different hormone dosages. |
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Term
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Definition
| Small tube of progestin that is inserted under the skin of a woman's upper arm. Implanon is a small rodlike device that can prevent pregnancy for 3 years. |
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Term
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Definition
| Prevent pregnancy after an instance of unprotected intercourse or when a condom or barrier fails. Plan B is most common EC. Contains levonorgestrel. Take 1 pill w/in 72 hours. If before ovulation, prevents the egg from developing and releasing. If taken after ovulation, prevents egg from implanting. |
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Term
| Intrauterine Device (IUD) |
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Definition
| T-Shaped plastic device that is plastic device that is placed in the uterus to prevent pregnancy. |
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Term
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Definition
| Sterilization or voluntary surgical contraception of the penis. Small incision on the scrotal sac is used to reach the vas deferens which are cut then blocked. Prevents passage of sperm into seminal fluid. |
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Term
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Definition
| Sterilization of a woman. Two small incisions are made in the abdomen. In tubal ligation, fallopian tubes are cut, tied or blocked. This prevents fertilization. |
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Term
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Definition
| First stage of breast development, characterized by small lumps forming beneath the areola. |
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Term
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Definition
| Female's first menstrual period. Secretory glands form at the end of milk ducts. |
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Term
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Definition
| The hormone that influences the emotional aspect of sexuality including arousal and attraction. |
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Term
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Definition
| Influences feeling of erotic attraction and love. Facilitates flow of milk during breastfeeding and helps form strong emotional bonds. |
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Term
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Definition
| Explains the role of human pheromones in mating and reproduction due to their impact on menstruation in groups of women who live closer together. |
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Term
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Definition
| Combination of medications working together to reduce the replication of human immunodeficiency virus. |
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