Shared Flashcard Set

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Human Development EXAM 3
HD exam 3 - Emily Lichvar
46
Other
Undergraduate 1
12/03/2012

Additional Other Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term

 

 

 

 

What is Emerging Adulthood (EA)?

Definition
  • Late teens through 20's 
  • Frequent changes and exploration
  • Independene from social roles and normative expectations
  • Little about future has been decided for sure
Term

 

 

 

 

Definiton of Adulthood

Definition

 

Accepting respoinsibility for oneself

 

Make independent decisions

 

Establishing an equal relationship with parents

 

Financial independence (holding a full time job)

Term

 

 

 

Identity Exploarations in EA

Definition
  • Love explorations become more intimate and serious
  • Dating is more likely takes place as couples
  • Focus less on recreation and more on potential for emotional and physical intimacy
  • Relationships last longer and more likely to include intercourse

Deeper level of intimacy 

Term

 

 

 

 

5 Features of EA

 

Definition
  1. Identity exploration
  2. Instability
  3. Self-focused
  4. Feeling in-between
  5. Age of possibilites
Term

 

 

 

 

Instability in EA

Definition

Frequent changes in:

  • # of romantic partners
  • # of job
  • School status
  • Moving
  • Roommates 
Term

 

 

 

 

Role of Friends

Definition

VIP

  • Increases even more than adolescence
  • Especiall for EA not in romantic relaionships and living away from home
  • EA more intimate with friends than with parents
Term

 

 

 

 

Substance Use

Definition

EA are exceptionally free from daily obligations: freer to tend to themselces 

 

- Finances

- Groceries

- Geographic location

 

More self-focues so they are more free to do what they want...less rules to follow

Term

 

 

Successful transition from adolescence to EA

Definition

Life satisfaction generally increases from adolescence to EA

 

  1. Intellectual (Academic success, ability to plan and good decision making skills)
  2. Psychologial (mental health, mastery motication, confidence in one's competence, identity, values and community contributions)
  3. Social (connectedness to others through friendships, and positive peer relations)
Term

 

 

 

Cross Gender Friendships

Definition
  • More common among adulths than children and teens
  • Learning more about common feelings and interests
  • Acquiting knowledge and understanding of beliefes and activites of the other gender

 

  • Different expectations
  • Unclear sexual boundaries
Term

 

 

 

 

Consensual Validation

Definition

 

Our own attitudes and values are supported when someone else's are similar to ours

Term

 

 

 

 

Matching Hypothesis

 

Definition

 

We tend to choose partners wh match our own level of attractiveness

 

 

What we find attractive changes over time and across cultures

Term

 

 

 

 

Major Criticism with EA

Definition

 

 

 

 

doesn’t happen to everyone across the world (Africa? China?)…not a universal thing

Term

 

 

 

 

Udry's Filter Theory of Attraction (1971)

Definition
  • Potential partners must pass throuh series of filters during process of mate selection
  • Filters screen out unacceptable partners at various stages of intimate relationships

Propinquity - Screened by georgraphic location

Attractiveness 

Social Background - religion, politics, education etc

Consensus - Specific attitudes and values

Complementarity - complement or complete me?

Readiness for marriage

Term

 

 

 

 

Ideal Standards Model (ISM)

 

Definition

 

Proposes consistency between ideal standards and perceptions of current parter/relationship determines the answer

  1. Ideals --> predate and influence decision making in relationships
  2. Perception of self, partner and relationship --> who to date, what to expect from the relationship
Term

 

 

 

 

3 Functions of Ideals

Definition

 

 

Evaluate

 

Explain

 

Regulate

 

--> your current partner/relationship

Term

 

 

 

 

Middle Adulthood (MA)

Definition

Begins 40-45 years of age and extends to about 60-65 years of age

  • Declining physical skills and increasing responsibility
  • An awareness of the young-old polarity
  • Transmitting something meaningful to the next generation
  • reaching and maintaing career satisfaction
  • A reassessment of life's priorities
Term

 

 

 

Middle Adulthood 2

Definition

Middle Adulthood is the age period in which gains (growth) and losses (decline) balance each other

 

 

 

"MA is a time of evaluation, assessment and relfection"

Term

 

 

 

 

Physical Changes in MA

Definition
  • Usually gradual; rates of aging vary
  • Wrinkling and sagging of skin
  • Appearance of aging sports
  • Hair beccomes thinner and grayer
  • Nails become thicker and more brittle
  • Yellowing of teeth

Height tends to shrink in middle age due to bone loss in the vertebrae

Many gain weight, which is a critical health problem in MA

Term

 

 

 

 

Sarcopenia

Definition

Age related loss of muscle mass and strength

- common in the back and legs

- exercise can reduce these declines

 

 

Cushions for bone movement become less efficient, often leading to joint stiffness and more difficulty in movement

 

Progressive bone loss

Term

 

 

 

 

Accommodation of the eyes

Definition

 

Experience sharp declines between 40-59 years

  • Difficulty viewing close objects
  • Reducded blood supply decreases visual field
Term

 

 

 

 

Physical Changes - Hearing

Definition
  • Hearing can start to decline by the age of 40

- Hearing loss occurs in up to 50% of individuals over the age of 50

- High-pitched sounds are typically lost first

Term

 

 

Physical Changes (3)

Definition
  • High blood pressue, cholesterol and cardiovascular diesase
  • Lung tissue becomes less elastic at about age 55

- decreases lung capacity

- nonsmokers have much better lung capacity

 

Wakeful periods become more frequent in the 40s 

Term

 

 

 

Metabolic Syndrome

Definition

 

 

 

A condition characterized by hypertension, obesity and diabetes

 

Term

 

 

 

 

Expertise  in MA

Definition

Expertise appears more in MA

 

-experts are more likely to rely on accumulated experience

-experts often process info automatically and analyze it more efficiently

- experts have better strategies and shortcuts to solving problems

-experts are more creative and flexible in solving problems 

Term

 

 

 

 

Life Span

Definition

 

 

 

The maximum number of years an indicidual can live; has remained between 120-125 years

Term

 

 

 

 

Life Expextancy 

Definition

 

 

The number of years that the average person born in a particulat year and place will probably live

Term

 

 

 

Average life expectancy for US

Definition

 

 

 

77.6 years

Term

 

 

 

 

Gender Differences

Definition

Females outlive males - widens beginning in the mid-30's

 

 

Females = 80.7   vs. Men = 75.4

Term

 

 

 

 

Oldest-Old

Definition

85 plus

 

  • Mostly female, widowed and living lone
  • Are usually hospitalized at some time in last years of life 
  • 1/4 die alone in a hospital or institution
Term

 

 

 

 

Primary Aging 

Definition

 

 

Refers to normal and intrinsic processes of biological aging that are genetically progrmmed and take place despite good health and disease

 

  • Inevitable 
  • Universal
  • Irreversible  ---Grey hair
Term

 

 

 

 

Secondary Aging

 

Definition

Refers to age-related declines that are pathological and result from extrinsic factors

 

  • Effect of isease
  • Effect of environment
  • Effect of behaivor
  • Specific to individual
  • Reversible 
  • ----Diabetes
Term

 

 

 

The Aging Brain

Definition

Brain shrinks 5-10% between 20 and 90

 

General slowing of function in the brain and spinal cord begin in MA and accelerates in LA

Term

 

 

 

Older adults die from

Definition

 

 

Nearly 75% of older adults die from hear disease, cancer, or cerebrovascular disease (stroke)

 

 

Probability of having some disease or illnes increases with age - Arthritis being the most common

Term

 

 

 

Erikson's Theory - Late Adulthood 

Definition

Integrity vs. Despair 

 

Reflecting on the past and either piecing together a positive review or sonsluding that one's life has not been well spent

Term

 

 

 

Reminiscence Therapy

Definition

 

Discussing past activites and experiences with another individual or group

Term

 

 

 

 

Activity Theory

Definition

The more active and invloved older adults are, the greater satisfaction with their lives

 

Active + energetic + productive = successful aging

Term

 

 

 

Death 

Definition

Death is the termination of the biological functions that sustain a living organism

 

Clinical Death - Hear and lungs stop working

Biological Death - 4-6 mins after clinical death

Death - The sepation of the sound and the body

Brain Death - all electrical activity of the brain has ceased for a specified period of time 

Term

 

 

 

 

Basic Types of Death

Definition

 

 

 

 

Natural Death

 

Intentional Death

 

Accidental Death

Term

 

 

 

Causes of death over lifespan

Definition

Prenatal - Miscarriage

 

Birth - During or shortly after

 

Childhood - Accidents or Illness

 

Adolescents - Suicide, homicide or car accidents

 

MA and older adult - Chronic Diseases

Term

 

 

 

 

Conceptions of death over lifespan

Definition
  • Infancy - no concept - brief sepaions (idea of loss)
  • 3-5= little to no idea of what is - sleep, rarely upset...somethin can be brought back, only bad people die
  • Late childhood -more realistic. understand age 9
  • Adolescnece - Remote, avoided, glossed over, kidded, do show concern
  • Adulthood - increase in consciousness of death - Reflection. Think and talk about death most
Term

 

 

 

 

Hospice

 

Definition

 

A program committed to making the end of life as free from pain, anxiet, and depression as possible

  • 6 months or less/no more treatment
  • Include family members - better adujustem to death
  • Home based programs
Term

 

 

 

Communication with a dying person

Definition
  • Open communication 

They can close their lives with their own ideas about proper dying

May be able to complete plans and projects and make arrangements and decisions

The opportunity to reminice and convers

They have more understanding of what is happening to them

Term

 

 

 

 

Grief

Definition

Emotional numbness, disbeliefe, sepatation anxiety, despair, sadness and loneliness that accompany the loss of someone we love.

 

Anticipatory grief: grieving while person is still alive

Term

 

 

 

 

Grieving patters

 

Definition
  1. Mourner proveeds from high distress to low
  2. Mourner does not experience intense distress
  3. Mourner remains distressed for a long period of time
Term

 

 

 

 

4 signs that death is near

Definition
  1. Changes in appetite
  2. Changes in mental status - Presence of dead loved ones - burst of energy
  3. Changes in Cirulation - conserve circulation for brain and heart...head and feet may appear blue or red splotchy
  4. Changes in Breathing - shallows, stops, returns...death rattle
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