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| Genetic endowment that members of a species have in common, including genes that influence maturation and aging processes |
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| We "inherit" from previous generations a characteristically human environment and tried and true ways of adapting to it |
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| Moment when an egg is fertilized by a sperm |
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| New cell nucleus created from the genetic material provided by mother and father |
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| Specialized process of cell devision - one 46 chromosome cell into two 46 chromosome cells into 4 23 chromosome cells |
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| single-celled zygote formed at conception becomes a multiple-celled organism |
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| Mapped the sequence of the chemical units or "letters" that make up the strands of DNA in a full set of human chromosomes |
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| When pairs of chromosomes line up before they separate, they cross each other and parts of them are exchanged |
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| Allows the number and form of photographed chromosomes to be studied |
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| Genetic make-up of a person (not expressed) |
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| What can be seen (Brown Eyes for example) |
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| The activation of particular genes in particular cells of the body at particular times |
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| Single gene-pair inheritance |
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| Each of thousands of human characteristics are influenced by only one par of genes - one from the mother, and one from the father |
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| Dark-skinned mates with light-skinned = light brown skin |
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| Sex-linked characteristics |
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| Influenced by single genes loated on the sex chromosomes rather than on the other 22 pairs of chromosomes |
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| Deficiency in the blood's ability to clot - far more common in males |
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| influenced by multiple pairs of genes, interachtin with the environment factors, rather than by a single pair of genes |
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| A change in the structure or arrangement of one or more genes that produces a new phenotype |
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| Blood disease common among African Americans in which red bood cells take on a sickle shape |
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| receiving too many or too few chromosomes |
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| A female is born with a single X chromsome XO |
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| A male is born with one more extra X chromosomes XXY |
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| One arm of the X chromosome is only barely connected to the rest of the chromosome and looks as if it is about to break off - most common hereditary cause of mental retardation |
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| A service that "helps people understand and adapt to the medical, psychological, and familial implications of genetic contributions to disease" |
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| Don't have the disease but can pass it on to their offspring |
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| Typically strikes in middle age and disrupts the normal transcription of RNA and the expression of genes in the brain and the peripheral nervous system |
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| Sonogram, Use of sound waves to scan the womb and create a visual image of the fetus on a monitor screen |
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| Used to detect chromosome abnormalities such as Down syndrome |
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| Chorionic villus sampling |
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| Inserting a catheter through the mother's vagina and cervix |
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| Used to test the mother's blood for various chemicals that can indicate an abnormality in the fetus |
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| Preimplantation genetic diagnosis |
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| Fertilizing a mother's egg with a father's sperm in the laboratory using in vitro fertilization techniques |
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| The scientific study of the extent to which genetic and environmental differences among people or animals are responsible for differences in their traits |
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| the proportion of all the variability in the trait within a large sample of people that can be linked to genetic differences among those individuals |
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| Attempting to breed animals for a particular trait to determine whether the trait is heritable |
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| Are children adopted early in life psychologically similar to their biological parents, whose genes they share, or are they similar to their adoptive parents, whose environment they share? |
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| The percentage of pairs of people studied in which if one member of a pair displays the trait, the other does too |
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| Shared environmental influences |
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| Common experiences that work to make them similar |
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| Nonshared environmental influences |
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| Experiences unique to the individual |
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| The analysis of particular genes and their effects |
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| Tendencies to respond in predictable ways, such as sociability and emotional reactivity, that serve as the building blocks of later personality |
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| Gene-environment interaction |
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| The effects of genes depend on what kind of environment we experience, and how we respond to the environment depends on what genes we have |
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| Gene-environment correlation |
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| Ways in which a person's genes and his environment or experiences are systematically interrelated: passive, evocative, and active |
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| Passive gene-environment correlations |
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| Sociable parents not only transmit their 'sociable' genes to their children but also, because they have 'sociable' genes, create a social home environment |
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| Evocative gene-environment correlations |
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The smiley, sociable baby is likely to get more smiles, hugs and social stimulation than the wary, shy baby
- Genetic makeup may affect the reactions of other people to a child and, hence, the kind of social environment that the child will experience |
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| Active gene-environment correlations |
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| Children's genotypes influence the kinds of environments they seek |
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| Disorder caused by mutations in a single pair of recessive genes |
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| Interventions that involve substituting normal genes for the genes associated with a disease or disorder or otherwise altering a person's genetic makeup |
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| Cells that have the potential to become many different types of specialized cells |
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