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| A view of human development as always changing. Life is a product of ongoing interaction between the peson and every aspect of his or her enviroment,including the family and society.Flux is constant,and each change affects all the others. |
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| based on observation and experimentation ,rather than theory alone |
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| The ecological -systems theory |
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| Developmental research takes into consideration the relationship between individual and the environment |
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| Insight that even a small event or thing may set of changes that create a major event |
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| group of people who, because they were born with in a few years of each other,experience many of the same historical changes |
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| individuals socioeconomic status (SES)is... |
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| determined by his or her income, education,place of residence,occupation and other factors similar |
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| is a collection of peoplewhose ansestors were born in the same region,usualy sharing the same language and religion |
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| ideas that are based more on shared perceptions than on objective reality |
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| cells in a persons brain that respond to the observed actions of others |
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| variable that is manipulated in an experiment to observe what it has on the dependent variable |
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| The variable that may change as a result of whatever new condition or situation is added in an experiment |
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| one in which participants are exposed to the independent variable being studied |
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| comparison group/control group |
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| which the treatment of interest, or independent variable, is with held so that comparisons can be made |
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| groups of people who differ in age but share other important characteristics are compared with regard to the variable under investigation |
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| The same group of individuals is studied over a period of time to measure both change and stability as they age |
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| collects data that are expressed with numbers |
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| Collects non-numerical descriptions of a participants' characteristics behaviors andideas |
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| systematic statement of principals and generalizations that provides coherent framework for understanding how and why people change as they grow older |
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| The molecule that contains the chemical instuctions for cells to manufacture proteins |
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| What is the definition of a gene |
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| A section of a chromosome and the basic unit for the transmission of heredity, consisting of a string of chemicals that code for the manufacturing of certain protiens |
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| The full set of genes that are the instructions to make an individual member of a certain species |
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| A reproductive cell;that is,a sperm or ovum that can produce a new individual if it combines with a gamete from the other sex to make a zygote |
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| The single cell formed from the fusing of two gametes/a sperm and an ovum |
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| An organism's entire genetic inheritance, or genetic potential |
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| A slight, normal variation of a particular gene |
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| The chromosone pair that,in humans, determines the zygote's sex |
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| What are the other 22 pairs of chromosones called? |
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| The observable characteristics of a person, including, personality,intelligence, and all other traits |
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| Referring to a trait that is influenced by many genes |
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| Referring to a trait that is affected by many factors, both genetic and environmental |
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| What are monozygotic twins |
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| Twins who originate frome one zygote that splits apart very early in development(identical twins) |
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| Two seperate zygotes created by the fertilization of two ova and two sperm at roughly the same time ( fraternal twins) |
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| A condition in which a person has 47 chromosomes instead of the 46, with three rather than two chromosomes at the 21st position (trisomy-21) |
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| Having a condition that involves having a mixture of cells, some normal and some with an odd number of chomosomes or a series of missing genes |
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| A person with 45 chromosones,the Y is missing from the sex chromosones ,written X0, only in a case of a girl, which results in underdevelopment of female organs and other anomalies |
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| A condition that has 3 chromosomes instead of 2,XXY. Particularly in boys, a child will be a little slow in elementery school, but not until the age of 12 or so- the double XX will keep his penis from growing and fat accumulates around his breasts |
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| A fatal central nervous system disorder caused by a genetic miscode. The effects of this allele does not begin until middle adulthood |
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| A genetic disorder in which part of the X chromosome seems to be attached to the rest of it by a very thin string of molecules. The actual cause is too many repetitions of a particular part of a gene's code. Most common form of inherited mental retardation |
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| A gene that has several alleles, each of which contributes to the final phenotype (such as skin color or height) |
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| The first two weeks of prenatal development after conception, characterized by rapid cell division,and the beginning of cell differentiation |
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| The stage of prenatal development from approximately the third through the eighth week after conception,during which the basic forms of all body structures, including internal organs, develop |
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| The stage of prenatal development from the ninth week after conception until birth, during which the organs grow in size and mature in fuctioning |
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| a cell mass that develops from the zygote in the first few days after conception, during the germinal period,and forms a hollow sphere in preparation for implantation |
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| the organ that surrounds the developing embryo and fetus, sustaining life via the umbilical cord. The placenta is attached to the wall of the uterus |
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| is a misleading social constuction for a group of people who are regarded as genetically distinct on the basis of physical apperance |
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| are comprehensive theories of psychology, which have traditionally inspired and directed psychologist's thinking about child development. |
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| What are examples of Grand theories? |
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| psychoanalytic ,cognitive theories,behaviorism |
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| newer comprehensive theories that bring together information from many disciplines but are not yet a systematic and comprehensive whole |
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| Examples of Emergent theories |
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| sociocultural theory ,epigenetic theory |
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| A grand theory, interprets human development in terms of inner drives and motives, many are irrational and unconscious (Sigmond Freud) |
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| A grand theory, emphasizes the laws and processes by which behavior is learned;aslo called learning theory((John Watson) |
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| According to behaviorism, the processes by which responses become linked to a particular stimuli and learning takes place. |
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| What is classical conditioning |
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| The learning process that connects a meaningful stimulus with a nuetral stimulus(Pavlov) that had no special meaning before conditioning, also called respondent conditioning |
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| What is operant conditioning |
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| The learning process by which a particular action is followed by something desired which makes the person more likely to repeat the action or by something unwanted which makes the acton less likely to be repeated( B F Skinner), also called instrumental conditioning |
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| A grand theory of human development that focuses on changes in how people think over time. According to this theory, our thoughts shape our attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors.( Jean Piaget) |
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| The central process of social learning, by which a person observes and then copies them |
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| In social learning theory,the belief of some people that they are able to change themselves and effectively alter the social context |
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