Shared Flashcard Set

Details

human development
defining development
63
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
03/10/2011

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Dynamic-systems theory
Definition
A view of human development as always changing. Life is a product of ongoing interaction between the peson and every aspect of his or her enviroment,including the family and society.Flux is constant,and each change affects all the others.
Term
Emperical
Definition
based on observation and experimentation ,rather than theory alone
Term
The ecological -systems theory
Definition
Developmental research takes into consideration the relationship between individual and the environment
Term
The butterfly effect
Definition
Insight that even a small event or thing may set of changes that create a major event
Term
cohort
Definition
group of people who, because they were born with in a few years of each other,experience many of the same historical changes
Term
individuals socioeconomic status (SES)is...
Definition
determined by his or her income, education,place of residence,occupation and other factors similar
Term
ethnic group
Definition
is a collection of peoplewhose ansestors were born in the same region,usualy sharing the same language and religion
Term
Social constuction
Definition
ideas that are based more on shared perceptions than on objective reality
Term
Mirror neurons
Definition
cells in a persons brain that respond to the observed actions of others
Term
Independent variable
Definition
variable that is manipulated in an experiment to observe what it has on the dependent variable
Term
Dependent variable
Definition
The variable that may change as a result of whatever new condition or situation is added in an experiment
Term
experimental group
Definition
one in which participants are exposed to the independent variable being studied
Term
comparison group/control group
Definition
which the treatment of interest, or independent variable, is with held so that comparisons can be made
Term
Cross sectional research
Definition
groups of people who differ in age but share other important characteristics are compared with regard to the variable under investigation
Term
Longitudinal research
Definition
The same group of individuals is studied over a period of time to measure both change and stability as they age
Term
Quantitative research
Definition
collects data that are expressed with numbers
Term
Qualitative research
Definition
Collects non-numerical descriptions of a participants' characteristics behaviors andideas
Term
developmental theory
Definition
systematic statement of principals and generalizations that provides coherent framework for understanding how and why people change as they grow older
Term
What is DNA
Definition
The molecule that contains the chemical instuctions for cells to manufacture proteins
Term
What is the definition of a gene
Definition
A section of a chromosome and the basic unit for the transmission of heredity, consisting of a string of chemicals that code for the manufacturing of certain protiens
Term
Definition of a genome
Definition
The full set of genes that are the instructions to make an individual member of a certain species
Term
Definition of a gamete
Definition
A reproductive cell;that is,a sperm or ovum that can produce a new individual if it combines with a gamete from the other sex to make a zygote
Term
What is a zygote
Definition
The single cell formed from the fusing of two gametes/a sperm and an ovum
Term
What is a genotype
Definition
An organism's entire genetic inheritance, or genetic potential
Term
What is an allele
Definition
A slight, normal variation of a particular gene
Term
What is the 23rd pair
Definition
The chromosone pair that,in humans, determines the zygote's sex
Term
What are the other 22 pairs of chromosones called?
Definition
Autosomes
Term
What sex is XX
Definition
Female
Term
What sex is XY
Definition
Male
Term
What is a phenotype
Definition
The observable characteristics of a person, including, personality,intelligence, and all other traits
Term
What is polygenic
Definition
Referring to a trait that is influenced by many genes
Term
What is multifactorial
Definition
Referring to a trait that is affected by many factors, both genetic and environmental
Term
What are monozygotic twins
Definition
Twins who originate frome one zygote that splits apart very early in development(identical twins)
Term
What are dizygotic twins
Definition
Two seperate zygotes created by the fertilization of two ova and two sperm at roughly the same time ( fraternal twins)
Term
Down  syndrome
Definition
A condition in which a person has 47 chromosomes instead of the 46, with three rather than two chromosomes at the 21st position (trisomy-21)
Term
mosaic
Definition
Having a condition that involves having a mixture of cells, some normal and some with an odd number of chomosomes or a series of missing genes
Term
Turner syndrome
Definition
A person with 45 chromosones,the Y is missing from the sex chromosones ,written X0, only  in a case of a girl, which results in underdevelopment of female organs and other anomalies
Term
Klinefelter syndrome
Definition
A condition that has 3 chromosomes instead of 2,XXY. Particularly in boys, a child will be a little slow in elementery school, but not until the age of 12 or so- the double XX will keep his penis from growing and fat accumulates around his breasts
Term
Huntington's disease
Definition
A fatal central nervous system disorder caused by a genetic miscode. The effects of this allele does not begin until middle adulthood
Term
Fragile X syndrome
Definition
A genetic disorder in which part of the X chromosome seems to be attached to the rest of it by a very thin string of molecules. The actual cause is too many repetitions of a particular part of a gene's code. Most common form of inherited mental retardation
Term
What are additive genes
Definition
A gene that has several alleles, each of which contributes to the final phenotype (such as skin color or height)
Term
Germinal period
Definition
The first two weeks of prenatal development after conception, characterized by rapid cell division,and the beginning of cell differentiation
Term
Embryonic period
Definition
The stage of prenatal development from approximately the third through the eighth week after conception,during which the basic forms of all body structures, including internal organs, develop
Term
Fetal Period
Definition
The stage of prenatal development from the ninth week after conception until birth, during which the organs grow in size and mature in fuctioning
Term
Blastocyst
Definition
a cell mass that develops from the zygote in the first few days after conception, during the germinal period,and forms a hollow sphere in preparation for implantation
Term
Placenta
Definition
T
Term
Placenta
Definition
the organ that surrounds the developing embryo and fetus, sustaining life via the umbilical cord. The placenta is attached to the wall of the uterus
Term
Race
Definition
is a misleading social constuction for a group of people who are regarded as genetically distinct on the basis of physical apperance
Term
Grand theories
Definition
are comprehensive theories of psychology, which have traditionally inspired and directed psychologist's thinking about child development.
Term
What are examples of Grand theories?
Definition
psychoanalytic ,cognitive theories,behaviorism
Term
Emergent theories
Definition
 newer comprehensive theories that bring together information from many disciplines but are not yet a systematic and comprehensive whole
Term
Examples of Emergent theories
Definition
sociocultural theory ,epigenetic theory
Term
Psychoanalytic theory
Definition
A grand theory, interprets human development in terms of inner drives and motives, many are irrational and unconscious (Sigmond Freud)
Term
Behaviorism
Definition
A grand theory, emphasizes the laws and processes by which behavior is learned;aslo called learning theory((John Watson)
Term
What is Conditioning
Definition
According to behaviorism, the processes by which responses become linked to a particular stimuli and learning takes place.
Term
What is classical conditioning
Definition
The learning process that connects a meaningful stimulus with a nuetral stimulus(Pavlov) that had no special meaning before conditioning, also called respondent conditioning
Term
What is operant  conditioning
Definition
The learning process by which a particular action is followed by something desired which makes the person more likely to repeat the action or by something unwanted which makes the acton less likely to be repeated( B F Skinner), also called instrumental conditioning
Term
Cognitive Theory
Definition
A grand theory of human development that focuses on changes in how people think over time. According to this theory, our thoughts shape our attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors.( Jean Piaget)
Term
 What is modeling
Definition
The central process of social learning, by which a person observes and then copies them
Term
What is self-efficacy
Definition
In social learning theory,the belief of some people that they are able to change themselves and effectively alter the social context
Supporting users have an ad free experience!