Term
| Developmental Psychologists |
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Definition
| Study the sequence of physical & psychological changes that humans undergo as we grow older |
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Term
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Definition
1. Stability vs. Change
2. Continuity versus discontinuity
3. Nature versus nurture |
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Term
| What is: 1. Stability versus change |
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Definition
| Simply put, we can ask whether development is best characterized by stability (for example, does a behaviour or trait such as shyness stay stable in its expression over time?) or change (could a person's degree of shyness fluctuate across the life span?). |
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Term
| What is: 2. Continuity versus discontinuity |
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Definition
| In a continuous process development is conceived of as a process of gradual accumulation of a behaviour, skill, or knowledge where discontinuity suggest that behaviours or skills often change qualitatively across time, and that new organizations of behaviours, skills, or knowledge emerge in a rather abrupt or discrete fashion. |
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Term
| What is: 3. Nature vs. Nurture |
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Definition
| Nature suggests that genetic factors determine our outcome where nurture states that environment is primarily responsible for development. |
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Term
| Methods for studying development |
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Definition
1. Cross-sectional
2. Longitudinal
3. Sequential |
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Term
| Method 1: Cross Sectional |
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Definition
| A cross-sectional study is a research method where data are collected at the SAME TIME from people in different age categories. |
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Term
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Definition
| Where the same group of subjects is studied OVER TIME. |
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Term
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Definition
| Combination of both longitudinal and cross sectional studies. The idea of it is to shorten the length of the research and decrease the number of developmental suppositions. |
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Term
| Stages of Prenatal Development |
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Definition
1. Germinal
2. Embryonic
3. Fetal |
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Term
| Prenatal Stage 1: Germinal |
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Definition
| Stage that begins at conception and lasts through the second week. During this time, the fertilized egg (now called a zygote, and consists of a single cell) makes it way down the fallopian tube, and begins to have cell reproduction. |
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Term
| Prenatal Stage 2: Embryonic Stage |
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Definition
| The embryonic stage begins after implantation and lasts until eight weeks after conception.Soon after implantation, the cells continue to rapidly divide and clusters of cells begin to take on different functions (called differentiation). |
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Term
| Prenatal Stage 3: Fetal Stage |
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Definition
| From 8 weeks to 38 weeks. Although all of the organ systems were formed during embryonic development, they continue to develop and grow during the fetal stage until it becomes full term. |
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Term
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Definition
Recessive gene disorders:
Tay-Sachs disease, cystic fibrosis, phenylketonuria (PKU)
Chromosomal Abnormalities:
Downs syndrome, Patau’s syndrome, and Edward’s syndrome |
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Term
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Definition
| an inherited disease of infancy characterized by profound mental retardation and early death; it is caused by a recessive gene mutation. |
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Term
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Definition
| the most common congenital disease; the child's lungs and intestines and pancreas become clogged with thick mucus; caused by defect in a single gene; no cure is known |
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Term
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Definition
| a genetic disorder of metabolism; lack of the enzyme needed to turn phenylalanine into tyrosine results in an accumulation of phenylalanine in the body fluids which causes various degrees of mental deficiency |
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Term
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Definition
| a congenital disorder caused by having an extra 21st chromosome; results in a flat face and short stature and mental retardation |
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Term
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Definition
| The extra chromosome 13 disrupts the normal course of development, causing heart and kidney defects. |
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Term
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Definition
| Caused by the presence of three – as opposed to two – copies of chromosome 18 in a fetus or infant's cells. The incidence of the syndrome is estimated as one in 3,000 live births. The incidence increases as the mother's age increases. The syndrome has a very low rate of survival, resulting from heart abnormalities, kidney malformations, and other internal organ disorders. |
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Term
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Definition
| any agent that interferes with normal embryonic development. (Alchohol, narcotics, nicotine, cocain, lead) |
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Term
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Definition
| Health of the mother resulting from AIDS, Malnutrition, Stress, Low Birth Weight |
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Term
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Definition
Full-Term infant - 37-39 weeks
Pre-term Infant -Before 37-39 Weeks
Post-term Infant - after 42 weeks |
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Term
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Definition
| Vision, Hearing, Taste, Smell, Pain |
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Term
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Definition
| consisting of head-turning and sucking movements elicited in a normal infant by gently stroking the side of the mouth or cheek |
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Term
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Definition
Sucking - Natural ability to suck
Grasping - Ability to grip your finger |
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Term
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Definition
| a normal reflex of young infants; a sudden loud noise causes the child to stretch out the arms and flex the legs |
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Term
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Definition
| Extension upward of the toes when the sole of the foot is stroked firmly on the outer side from the heel to the front |
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Term
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Definition
| Any relatively permanent change in thought or behavior that occurs as a result of internal aging, without experience, and no influence |
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Term
| Gender Differences: Middle childhood |
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Definition
Girls more physically mature & superior in skills requiring flexibility, agility, & balance
Boys superior in physical skills
Requiring strength & gross motor abilities |
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Term
| Gender differences: Early Adolescence |
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Definition
| Boys excel on most measures of motor ability |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Jean Piaget (1896-1980) - Schema |
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Definition
| Altering of perceptual experiences by taking in new information and adding it to our understanding. |
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Term
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Definition
| The process of taking in new information into our previously existing schema’s is known as assimilation. |
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Term
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Definition
| adaptation involves changing or altering our existing schemas in light of new information, a process known as accommodation |
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Term
| Piagets stages of cognitive development |
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Definition
Sensorimotor stage (birth - 2 yrs)
Preoperational stage (2yrs - 7 yrs)
Concrete-Operational Stage (7-12yrs)
Formal-Operational Stage (12-Adulthood) |
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Term
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Definition
Development of Object Permanence
1mos - Learn to work body
1-4mos - Start Following objects
4-10mos - Reach for objects in sight
10-12mos - Reach for hidden items
12-18mos - Find hidden items
18-24mos - Discovery of new means |
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Term
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Definition
Language & Symbolic Representation
Egocentric
Judgments based on appearance not logic
Concept of Conservation
Beyond their grasp |
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Term
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Definition
Language & Symbolic Representation
- Cannot control logical language
Egocentric
- Cannot see others point of view
Judgments based on appearance not logic
Concept of Conservation
- Can't differentiate amounts (fluid experiment) |
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Term
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Definition
| During this time, people develop the ability to think about abstract concepts. |
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Term
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Definition
| During this time, children gain a better understanding of mental operations. Children begin thinking logically about concrete events, but have difficulty understanding abstract or hypothetical concepts. |
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Term
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Definition
| Disturbance in what they know and what they just learned. |
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Term
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Definition
Research methods - small sample
Other factors like environment
Underestimates childrens abilities |
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