Term
how is development defined?
strong and weak correlation? |
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Definition
systematic changes and continuities between conception and death.
strong and weak: a measure of relation between the two. |
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Term
| what are the three broad domains in the study of human development? |
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Definition
| phsyical, cognitive, psycho-social |
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Term
| what are the seven themes of the life-span perspective of human dev? |
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Definition
| pre-nalifelong, multidirectional, gains/losses, elasticity, cultural/historical context, multiply influenced, multiple disciplines |
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Term
| what are the three elements of a good developmental theory? |
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Definition
| internally consistent, falsifiable, empirically researched |
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Term
| what are the five main issues of human development? |
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Definition
| nature/nurture, good/bad, active/passive, discontinuity/continuity, universal/contextual |
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Term
| main message and theoriests of psychoanalytic theory |
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Definition
| motivated by unconscious desires/ Freud, Erikson |
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Term
| main message and theorists of learning theory |
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Definition
| stimulus and response, conditioning/Watson, Skinner, Bandura, Pavlov |
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Term
| main message and theorists of cognitive developmental theories |
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Definition
| major periods of development/Piaget |
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Term
| main message and theorists of contextual-systems theories |
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Definition
| interactions between self and environment/Vygotsky, Broffenbrenner |
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Term
| what are the stages of Freud's psychosexual theory? |
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Definition
| infant-oral, toddler-anal, young child-phallic, adolescent-puberty |
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Term
| what are Erikson's psychosocial stages of development? |
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Definition
| trust/mistrust (infant), autonomy/shame (toddler), initiative/guilt (child), industry/inferiority (old child), identity/role confusion (adolescent), intimacy/isolation (20-40), stagnation/generative (40-60), integrity/despair (60+) |
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Term
| what is the difference between classical and operant conditiong? |
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Definition
| classical conditioning is a response to a stimulus (trained), whereas operant is about consequences of a behavior |
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Term
| what is the difference between positive and negative reinforcement? punishment? |
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Definition
| reinforcement makes it more likely you'll do something (positive gives, negative takes away). Punishment makes it less likely you'll do something. |
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Term
| what did Bandura mean by observational learning and reciprocal determinism? |
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Definition
| learn by success/failure of others. Reciprocal determinism is person, environment, behavior determining each other. |
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Term
| what are the basic ideas of Piaget's four stages of cognitive development? |
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Definition
| sensory-motor, pre-operations, concrete operations (7-11), formal operations (11+) |
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Term
| how is Vygotsky's view of development different than Piaget's? |
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Definition
| V: emphasis on socio-cultural context, it's not universal. |
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Term
| what are the four bidirectional influences in Gottlieb's evolutionary-epigenetic theory? |
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Definition
| genes, neurons, behavior, environment |
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Term
| what are the systems within system in Bronfenbrenner? |
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Definition
| person, micro, mezo, exo, macro, chrono (-system) |
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Term
| what is the difference between theory and hypothesis? |
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Definition
| a theory has evidence behind it, hypothesis doesn't |
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Term
| methods of data collection |
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Definition
| verbal reports, behavior observation, physiological measurements. |
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Term
| correlational and experimental methods |
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Definition
| correlational can't show causality, experimental can (and has control and treatment groups) |
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Term
| what is the difference between a positive and negative correlation? |
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Definition
| positive: as x increases, y increases. negative: as x increases, y decreases. |
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Term
| what is the range of correlation coefficient? |
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Definition
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Term
| difference between dependent and independent variable? |
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Definition
| dependent is measured, whereas the independent is what you manipulate. |
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Term
| longitudinal design vs cross-sectional design |
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Definition
| L is one age over long time, C-S is different ages at one time. |
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Term
| what are the primary emotions of infancy? |
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Definition
| contentment, interest, distress |
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Term
| what are the secondary emotions of infancy? |
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Definition
| (18 months to 2 years) embarrassment, guilt, shame, pride |
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Term
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Definition
| strong affectionate bond that binds a person to another person |
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Term
| what is the Strange Situation, and how is it related to infant attachment? |
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Definition
| assesses quality of attachment. Mother/child in room with toys, stranger enters, mother leaves, mother returns |
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Term
| what are the big five personality dimensions? (OCEAN) |
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Definition
| Opennes, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, neuroticism |
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Term
| definition of temperament |
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Definition
| early genetically-based tendencies to respond in predictable ways (building blocks of the personality). |
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Term
| concept of 'goodness of fit' |
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Definition
| positive parent/child interaction (difficult child with rejecting mother is not a good fit) |
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Term
| how did Piaget define intelligence? |
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Definition
| helps organism adapt to environments |
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Term
| what is a schema? how is it related to roganization and adaptation? |
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Definition
| schema is an organized patterns of thought (cognitive framework). Organization makes more complex frameworks. |
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Term
| what did Piaget mean by assimilation and accomodation? |
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Definition
| Assimilation: adding information. Accomodation: changing framework to add info. |
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Term
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Definition
| balance between framework and environment. |
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Term
| what are Piaget's six sensory substages? |
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Definition
| reflexes, primary circular reactions (body), secondary circular reactions (objects), tertiary (experiments) |
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Term
| what is object permanence? |
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Definition
| understanding that when something isn't present to sense it isn't gone |
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Term
| what is the A-not-B error that infants make? |
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Definition
| 8-12 months: tendency to search for something in the last spot they found it |
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