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Human development
Exam 3
54
Other
Undergraduate 2
11/11/2009

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Term
Authoritarian
Definition
High control, little warmth
Term
Authoritative
Definition
Fair amount of control, warm and responsive
Term
Permissive
Definition
Warm and caring, Little control
Term
Baumrind's basic parenting styles
Definition
Authoritative, Authoritarian, permissive
Term
Achievement Test
Definition
Measures how much has been learned in a specific subject area. (ex: WASL)
Term
Aptitude Test
Definition
Measures potential (Ex: IQ tests)
Term
IQ test
Definition
Mental age/chronilogical age. 100 is average. 70-85 considered slow learners. over 130 considered gifted.
Term
Concrete Operational Thought
Definition
Children 2-6 begin to understand logic/how to reason logically, but only if applied to concrete/specific areas.
Term
Hypothetical-Deductive thought
Definition
"what if" thoughts
Term
Abstract Thinking
Definition
Deductive Reasoning: Abstract to specific
Inductive Reasoning: Specific to broad.
Term
Formal Operational Thought
Definition
Deals with abstractions, test hypotheses, see infinite possibilities.
Term
Theory of Mind
Definition
A person's theory of what other people might be thinking. In order to have a theory of mind, children must realize that other people are not necessarily thinking the same thoughts that they are. Seldom possible before age 4.
Term
Pro social Behavior
Definition
Feeling and acting in ways that are helpful and kind, without obvious benefit to oneself.
Term
Anti Social Behavior
Definition
Feeling and acting in ways that are deliberately hurtful or destructive to another person.
Term
Androgyny
Definition
A balance, within a person, of traditionally male and female psychological characteristics.
Term
Autonomy versus Shame and doubt
Definition
Erikson's second crisis of psychosocial development. Toddlers either succeed or fail in gaining a sense of self rule over their own actions and bodies.
Term
Self Esteem
Definition
How a person evaluates his or her own worth, either in specifics (intelligence, attractiveness) or overall.
Term
Self concept
Definition
A person's understanding of who he or she is. Self-concept includes appearance, personality, and various traits.
Term
Intrinsic Motivation
Definition
Goals or drives that come from inside a person, such as the need to feel smart or competent.
Term
Extrinsic Motivation
Definition
The need for rewards from outside, such as material possessions or someone else's esteem.
Term
Instrumental Aggression
Definition
Hurtful behavior that is intended to get or keep something that another person has.
Term
Instrumental Aggression
Definition
Hurtful behavior that is intended to get or keep something that another person has.
Term
Reactive Aggression
Definition
An impulsive retaliation for another person's intentional or accidental actions, verbal or physical.
Term
Bullying Aggression
Definition
Unprovoked, repeated physical or verbal attack, especially on victims who are unlikely to defend themselves.
Term
Obesity
Definition
In an adult, having a BMI of 30 or more. In a child, being above the 95th percentile, based on the U.S. centers for disease control's 1980 standards for his or her age and sex.
Term
Dyslexia
Definition
Unusual difficulty with reading; thought to be the result of some neurological underdevelopment.
Term
ADHD
Definition
A condition in which a person not only had great difficulty concentrating for more than a few moments but also is inattentive, impulsive, and overactive.
Term
Dyscalcula
Definition
Unusual difficulty with math.
Term
Metacognition
Definition
"Thinking about thinking" or the ability to evaluate a cognitive task to determine how best to accomplish it, and then to monitor and adjust one's performance on that task.
Term
Social Comparison
Definition
The tendency to assess one's abilities, achievements, social status, and other attributes by measuring them against those of other people, especially one's peers.
Term
Social Cognition
Definition
the ability to understand social interactions, including the causes and consequences of human behavior.
Term
Industry versus Inferiority
Definition
The fourth of Erikson's eight psychosocial development crises, during which children attempt to master many skills, developing a sense of themselves as either industrious or inferior, competent or incompetent.
Term
Puberty
Definition
The time between the first onrush of hormones an full adult physical development. Puberty usually lasts three to five years. many more years are required to achieve psychosocial maturity.
Term
Menarche
Definition
A girl's first menstrual period, signaling that she has begun ovulation. Pregnancy is biologically possible, but ovulation and menstruation are often irregular for years after menarche.
Term
Spermarche
Definition
A boy's first ejaculation of sperm. Erections can occur as early as infancy, but ejaculation signals sperm production. Spermarche occurs during sleep or via direct stimulation.
Term
Testosterone
Definition
A sex hormone, the best known of the androgen s (male hormones); secret4ed in far greater amounts by males than by females.
Term
Estrogen
Definition
A sex hormone, considered the chief estrogen. Females produce more than males do.
Term
Growth Spurt
Definition
The relatively sudden and rapid physical growth that occurs during puberty. Each body part increases in size on a schedule: weight usually precedes height, and the limbs precede the torso.
Term
Primary Sex Characteristics
Definition
The parts of the body that are directly involved in reproduction, including the vagina, uterus, ovaries, testicles, and penis,
Term
Secondary sex characteristics
Definition
Physical traits that are not directly involved in reproduction but that indicate sexual maturity, such as a man's beard and a woman's breasts.
Term
Adolescent ego centrism
Definition
A characteristic of adolescent thinking that leads young people (ages 10-13) to focus on themselves to the exclusion of others. A young person might believe, for example, that his or her thoughts, feeling, and experiences are unique, more wonderful or awful than any one else s.
Term
Invincibility Fable
Definition
An adolescent's egocentric conviction that he or she cannot be overcome or even harmed by anything that might defeat a normal mortal, such as unprotected sex, drug abuse, or high speed driving.
Term
Imaginary Audience
Definition
The other people who in an adolescent's egocentric belief, are watching, an taking note of, his or her appearance, ideas, and behavior. This belief makes many teenagers very self conscious.
Term
Identity
Definition
A consistent definition of one's self as a unique individual, in terms of roles, attitudes, beliefs, and aspirations.
Term
Identity versus role confusion
Definition
Erikson's term for the fifth stage of development, in which the person tries to figure out "who am i?" but is confused as to which of many possible roles to adopt.
Term
Identity Achievement
Definition
Erikson's term for the attainment of identity, or the point at which a person understands who he or she is as a unique individual, in accord with past experiences and future plans.
Term
Identity Diffusion
Definition
A situation in which an adolescent does not seem to know or care what his or her identity is.
Term
Foreclosure
Definition
Erikson's term for premature identity formation, which occurs when an adolescent adopts parents; or society' roles and values wholesale, without questioning and analysis.
Term
Moratorium
Definition
A way for adolescents to postpone making identity achievement choices by finding an accepted way to avoid identity achievement. Going to college is the most common example.
Term
Peer Pressure
Definition
Encouragement to conform with ones friends or contemporaries in behavior, dress, and attitude; usually considered a negative force, as when adolescent peers encourage one another to defy adult authority.
Term
Learning Disability
Definition
A marked delay in a particular area of learning that is not caused by an apparent physical disability, by mental retardation, or by an unusually stressful home environment.
Term
Selective Attention
Definition
The ability to concentrate on some stimuli while ignoring others.
Term
Body Image
Definition
A person's idea of how his or her body looks.
Term
Generational Forgetting
Definition
The idea that each new generation forgets what the previous generation learned about harmful drugs.
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