Term
| (35-65) vision and hearing |
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Definition
sight is affected by age
two problems are noted
Glaucoma is caused by the pressure inside the eye due to poor drainage
cataract-is caused by clouding of the lenses |
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Term
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Definition
climacteric-
is the changes in ovaries, resulting in drop in estrogen |
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Term
| (35-65) male mid life changes |
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Definition
enlargement of the prostate gland
35-45
men worry about death. declining in phsyical attractiveness
responses to mid life are varied |
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Term
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Definition
view as mostly sexually knowledgable and skilled people
(younger, more active)
old person considered asexual or sexless and regard the display of erotic interest by old people as unnatural and undignified |
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Term
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Definition
| showed sexual effectiveness need not disappear as people age |
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Term
| medical problems.sexuality |
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Definition
diabetes
high blood pressure
depression
ameican men are becoming more aware of their own sensitivity and humanness.
women have cbecome increasingly more open regarding sexual issues |
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Term
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Definition
problems with blood circulation including hear and blood vessels increase
hardening of the arteries is called arteriosclerosis
Type A personality has been related to cardiovascular disorders
Cancer is another illness. caused by carcinogens such as asbestos. coal, tar and smoking |
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Term
| (35-65) Personality PSYCHOSOCIAL |
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Definition
Erikson: middle adulthood is the period of genativity versus stagnation
Peck:
1. Valuing wisdom vs. valuing physical powers
2. socializing vs. sexualizing in human relationships
3. cathectic flexibility vs. cathectic impovershment this refers to becomeing emotionally flexible
emotions--> change energies to vent better
4. mental flexibility vs mental rigidity |
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Term
| Trait Models of Personality |
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Definition
establsihed during childhood & remain stable throughout one's life (central traits) Freud
(mechanistic) |
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Term
| Situational Models of Personality |
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Definition
this view states that a person's behavior is the outcome of the characteristics of the situation in which the person is momentarily located
(organismic) |
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Term
| Interactional Model of Personality |
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Definition
claim that behavior is a joint product of the person and the situation
(contextual) |
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Term
| Personality Continuity & Discontinuity |
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Definition
the greatest is complex and multi-faceted
some componants may show stability and others change
Consistency=I.Q. remains the same
Least Consistent=interpersonal behavior and attitude across the adult years
NEUROTICS=are likely to be complainers all their lives
assertive biys are assertative when older
passive/dependents remaint he same whether there are seven or seventy |
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Term
| dynamic properties of growth |
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Definition
older persons seem to move towards more eccentric self=preoccupied positions and attend more to satisfaction of personal needs.
middle years bring responsibilities for againg parents and one;s own children
middle age is a bridge between the two generations, old age, and young adulthood
one own's concerns and preoccupations alter and shift across the life cycle |
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Term
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Definition
finds that men over 55 tend to move from active to passive techniques in dealing with their environment
women seem to move in the opposite direction,from passivity to active mastery
Unisex emerges later
younger men=assertative & independent
older men=passive and self-centered
Later in life people tends towards androgyny |
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Term
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Definition
| is the capacity to undergo change in order to adpat with the demands of life |
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Term
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Definition
the view we have of ourselves as the REAL ME. It is more stable
self-concept: impacts our behavior
low self-->avoid success
they lock themselves in SELF-IMPOSED failure
sad and happy people perceive the world differently
if we see things as negative, we feel and act depressed, vice versa |
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Term
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Definition
| is the mental picture we habe of ourselves that maybe temporary or changeable |
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Term
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Definition
economic conditions are not necessarily related to life satisfaction
one maybe poor, but happy
people who think well of themselves tend to be happy
income is important but money does not bring happiness
loto winners are not happier than average persons
marriage and family satisfications are good predictors of happiness
a combination of income and intelligence, education, and marital status, health and self-esteem are the best indicators of life satisfaction |
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Term
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Definition
stable pattern
women are more socialized than men
social constraints limit closeness among men
women view the home as a personal place centered in relationships with other people
men view home asa phsyical structure and seek relationships outside the home |
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Term
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Definition
4 type of couples
married
cohabiting
homosexual males
lesbians
men place considerable premium on power and dominance
women with retired husbands who hung around the house want more private time
all couples quantity adn quality of sex is important
women tend to link sex and love together, whereas, men often do not
successful marriages involve having positive attitiude towards ones spouse with a view of long term commitment |
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Term
| extra-marital sexual relations |
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Definition
increased over years
reasons:include loneliness and emotional excitment among others |
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Term
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Definition
if rates continue
6 out of 10 american women in their 30's will go through one divorce
emotinal and physical toll (except death of a spouse)
children may suffer |
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Term
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Definition
referred to the divorced woman in mid or late life cycle, is often devastated by divorce
wives typically recognize that their marriage is not working ten years or more before divorce
divorce is much easier today
the no fault divorce is based on mutual consent
divorce could be a blessing too |
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Term
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Definition
| most divorced people eventually remarry. divorced men marry younger women. second divorces are also on the rise. men have harder time living alone after divorce than women do! |
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Term
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Definition
remarriage results in step families
boys benefit by having a step father
children typically approach the marriage of their parents with apprehension rather than joy
relationshios take a long time to develop. family counselors agree that step-parents need to be cautious in their relationships with their relationships with their step-children.
many problems arise, especially with discipline. there is little problem with clothing. research shows that children may turn out well or poorly in either a step family or a natural family |
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Term
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Definition
is applied to that period of life when children have grown up and left home. it is especially stressful for the mother
Refers to the un-needed , neglected, and miserable feelings felt by the mother adter her children leave home
it affects couples who used their children to vover their own empty relationships
for many couples this syndrome does nto happen. some couples in fact are happier with their children gone. most parents accomodate themseleves as well |
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Term
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Definition
SANDWICH GENERATION
middle aged adults who are responsible for their ownchildren and their own parents also.
aging parents require time and help
responsibility for the care of elderly usually falls on the daughters and daughter in laws
most people are reluctatn to put elderly parents in nursing homes |
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Term
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Definition
may hurt a person and cause alienation, a sense od powerlessness, meaninglessness, and isolation.
this may lead to job burnout!
most americans are satisfied with their jobs
job affects the person reciprocal relationship
older people are mroe satisfied with their jobs than younger people.
older people get-->they accumulate experience, skills, and seniority that allows them to find more satisfying jobs |
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Term
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Definition
most people spend their lives in one line of work such as the professionals. many switch careers due to boredom and disenchantment or other reasons
at mid-life, people look at their jobs critically and may change careers, go to school, learn new trades |
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Term
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Definition
unemployment is a painful experience.
stages:
1. shock, relief, relaxation (one month)
2. efforts to find a new job (four months)
3. crumbling of self-esteem, high level of anxiety
4. resignation and withdrawl., discouraged, family life deteriorates, financial problems
men take unemployment much worse than women do |
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Term
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Definition
until recently. the vast majority of women were left out of wage earning
women's domestic labors did not yield monitary returns''the past two decades have brought economic and social changes in the status of women
the expansion of female work force has many factors
US women: 90% secretarial, bookkeeping and receptionist positions
women earn less than men do. however, at present women are moving in traditionally male jobs such as doctors, lawyers, managers
women are establishing female career networks to broaden their business contacts
the career patterns of women are different than men |
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Term
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Definition
67% of all married families have two pay checks. the figure continues to grow
women still have to do house chores. Couples revert to the traditional gender roles
usually a wife follows her husbands career
a frequent source of tension is scheduling time together
dual-career couples are evolving new patterns and traditions for family life |
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Term
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Definition
| field of study dealing with aging and special problems of elderly |
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Term
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Definition
| the branch of medicine concerned with diseases and care of elderly |
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Term
| the elderly (65 to death) |
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Definition
old age usually begins about 65
super longevity exists in various parts of the world
activities are getting younger
women live 5 to 10 years longer than men
older women out number older men
women are more durable genetically
they have better immune systems
estrogen protects women against cardio-vascular problems!!! |
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Term
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Definition
1 in 5 over 65 live in nursing home
3% bedridden
9% housebound
people over 65 better financial position than 30 years ago
92% receive social security
13% poverty, mostly women
lives and interests do not change radically in later life
most elderly are quite alive, not a helpless mass,. suffering from senility or on the verge of death |
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Term
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Definition
heard conditions. arthritis, diabetes, increase with age
age associated declines can be delayed by fitness-promoting exercises
good nutrition also contributes to good health
Osteoporosis-loss of calcium, producing porous bones
side effects of medication should be considered
25% take medications |
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Term
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Definition
chnages in the structure andfunstioning of human organism through time
this is also called senescence (biological aging)
aging is a continuous process that begins at conception and ends in death |
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Term
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Definition
collagen thicker and less elastic, causes loss of skin elasticity and hardening arteries
visual efficiency decreases with age. there is a marked loss of hearing
older people report impairment in ability to enjoy food
olfactory sensitivity also fails
older people are suseptible to hypothermia
elderly people distribute their sleep somewhat differently across the 24 hour cycle
take several catnaps of 15 to 60 mintes several times during the day |
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Term
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Definition
| a biochemical mechanism in cells counts the number of divisions and allows only so many more to take place |
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Term
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Definition
| aging is viewed as a product of the gradual deterioration of the various organs needed for life (like any other machine) |
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Term
| accumulation of copying errors |
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Definition
| human life eventually ends because body cells develop errors in copying |
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Term
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Definition
| erros, alterations, mutations occur in DNA molecules of the cells that impair cell functions and divisions |
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Term
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Definition
| aging has impact ont he capabilities of the immunity system |
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Term
| accumulation of metabolic waste |
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Definition
| cells slowly are poisoned by waste products of metabolism |
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Term
| longevity assurance theory |
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Definition
| a positive theory of aging, which states evolution had prolonged life among some species. in long living species natural selection has favored genes that repair cells |
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Term
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Definition
decline overtime in intellectual ability
yet, there is less decline and in many cases none
verbal abilities-show little decline
performance abilities-show more decline |
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Term
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Definition
refers to the ablity to learn new skills and make adaption in new situations. this is related to performance abilities
declines with age (performance) |
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Term
| crystallized intelligence |
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Definition
refers to the ability to re-use earlier knowledge and adaption skills on later occasions. this is related to verbal abilities (memory improves)
seem to get better with aging (verbal)
being mentally alert and using mental abilities will improve crystallized ability
there has been an over-estimation regarding the decline in intellectual functioning with aging
a marked intellectual decline called the death-drop occurs shortly before one dies |
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Term
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Definition
recalling names gets harder
Phases in Information Processing :
1. Encoding=info into memory system
2. storage=infor retained in memory
3. retrieval=infor re-gathered when needed
4. a trace= a set of info after an event is vanished |
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Term
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Definition
happens anytime in information processing
older adults process info less effectively than younger adults |
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Term
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Definition
states that forgetting is due to deterioration in the memory traces in the brain
fading photograph |
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Term
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Definition
states that new info interferes with old ones
elderly may experience CUE OVERLOAD, being over whelmed by excessive stimuli
older adults have more difficulty with memory than younger adults |
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Term
| learning & aging 65 & older |
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Definition
gradually loose their power to learn
have to be cautious in apprasing the learning potential of elderly |
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Term
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Definition
is referred to progressive mental deterioration, memory loss and disorientation
senility results from MULTI-INFARCTS (capillaries breaking down) (little strokes) |
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Term
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Definition
progressive, degenerative d/o that involves deterioration of brain cells
nerve cells look like bits of braided yarn
it is the fourth leading cause of death in the US
The drug THA (tetra hydro- amino- acridine) temporarily reduces the symptoms.
the patient regresses in all aspects |
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Term
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Definition
1. the forgetfulness phase
2. confusional phase
3. dementia phase
length of illness is from 3 to 20 years |
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Term
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Definition
psychosocial
intregrity vs despair |
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Term
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Definition
feels old age confronts men and women with three issues or tasks which are
1. ego differentiation vs. work role preoccupation: men and women must redefine their worths in terms other than work roles (am i worthwhile as a person)
2. body transcendence vs. body preoccupation: decrease in health and strength may be too much to bear during old age. old people can either become pre-occupied with bodily health or find new sources of happiness and comfort
3. Ego transcensence vs. ego preoccupation: elderly can come to see themseleves as living on after death through their children their work and contributions |
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Term
| 4 personality & patterns of aging |
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Definition
1. the intergrated elderly: these are well-functionig persons who reveal a complex inner life, intact cognitive abilities and competent egos.
2. amoured-defended elderly: striving, ambitious and achievement oriented
3.passive dependent: strong dependency needs. need emotiona l support, apathetic (no emotions) the rocking chair type
4. disintegrated elderyl: defects in psychological functions and overall deterioration in though process |
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Term
| self-concept * life satisfaction 65 & up |
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Definition
no sudden or dramatic transformations of personality
a person's self concept does not become more negative
GOOD HEALTH IS THE BEST PREDICTOR OF LIFE SATISFACTION |
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Term
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Definition
physical, psychological and social withdral from the wider world
double withdrawl: person disengages from society and vice versa
society and the ind prepare for the ultimate disengagement which is death
society encourages disengagement via retirement
exagerates the isolation and separation of the elderly from their pre-retriement lives |
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Term
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Definition
| the majority of healthy older persons maintain fairly STABLE LEVELS OF ACTIVITY.... most people have a sense of well being life satisfaction with a deeper meaning of life experience |
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Term
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Definition
retirement and widowhood terminate the particpiation of the elderly in institutions of society the job and family.
loss of occupational and mairtal staus is loss of core roles
other studies show most elderly perceive little or n overall social loss |
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Term
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Definition
enter social relationships because they derive reard from doing so.
in the process of seeking reward, they also face costs.
profit is the total reward minus costs
a relationship tends to persist only as long as both parties receive proft from it
old people suffer from deterioration in their bargaining positions |
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Term
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Definition
| status tends to be higher in treaditional socieities such as Japan and lower urbanized, industrialized socities such the US |
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Term
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Definition
before 1978, many people were forced to retire at 65
in 1986, a law was passed abolishing mandatory retirement
people want to retire early, (under age 60)
not many people desire to work over the age of 65 |
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Term
| Positive & Negative views retirement |
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Definition
Negative consequences__>work foundation for life satisfaction
time becomes excessive and acquires negative value
post-retirement life is believed to be aimless
days become long and shapeless
If people are assured of adequate incomes they will retire early
pre-retirement life style and planning play an important part in retirement satisfaction |
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Term
| Atchley 7 phases of retirement |
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Definition
1. remote pre-retirement phase (20's)
2. near retirement phase (50-55)
3. honeymoon phase (after retirement)
4. disenchantment phase (time drags-feelings of bordom)
5. re-orientation phase- (emotional and social adaptation)
6. stability phase- coming to terms with oneself and mastering retirement role
7. termination phase- death
(phases are flexible with varied durations) |
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Term
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Definition
a u-shape curve is noted in the marital relationship
there is an early decline, a leveling off in mid years and an increase in the later years
companionship, respect and sharing improve. Couple begin to resemble each other. older adults tend to be more androngynous.
retirement may create strains for a couple |
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Term
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Definition
only 13% of people over 65 view loneliness as a serious problem
elderly are not isolated from kin and friendship networks as has been believed
value privacy and independence
prefer friends to their own families
children no longer provide a form of old-age happiness insurance
loneliness can be felt in the presence of others
being able to give to and do for others is rearding for the elderly |
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Term
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Definition
healthier grandparents. more active, better educated
relationship is the COMPANIONATE STYLE
provides mutual rewards
buffer tense relationships with parents |
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Term
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Definition
1.4 million elderly reside in 22,000 homes
warehouse for the elderyl
staff procedures are inadequate and the level of hygiene is primitive
can now have visiting nurses
meals on wheels and assisted living
community arranged appartments can also be helpful |
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Term
| impact of personal control and choice |
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Definition
staff promotes patient dependency in nursing homes
lose control of their lives
dont want to move from own homes
the group that was told the staff was in charge flet less happy. the right to make decisions and feeling competence will help the elderly's morale
twice as manu memebers of the conventional-tx group as compared to the responsible tx group had died
having pets also prolong life and increase happiness |
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Term
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Definition
the study of death
ceremonial rituals for burying the death goes back to ancient times |
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Term
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Definition
| the court defines brain death as a criteria for death |
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Term
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Definition
some believe in life after death and the reunification with the loved ones
younger people show greater and the reunification with loved ones
younger people show greater fear of death than those over 65 and older |
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Term
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Definition
| reflection about one's life which happens at crises times |
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Term
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Definition
| poor cognitive performance in a persons nearing death |
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Term
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Definition
has contributed to the understanding of death
dying, like living is a process
she has found out that dying persons go through five stages:
denial
anger
bargaining
depression
acceptance |
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Term
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Definition
aggressive medical care prevents people fromd ying quickly and naturally.
some sates have permiteed living wills , the right to refuse to prolong one's life |
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Term
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Definition
| notion states that persons should be able to choose their opwn particular style of exit which is consistent with their total life style. for example romantic death, brave death |
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Term
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Definition
Life After Death
movement claims scientific evidence od spirirtual existence beyong death
people report their souls leaving their bodies or going through a tunnel seeing lights
visions are identical to the descriptions given by persons experiencing hallucinations
gradual loss of oxygen by the nerve cells of brain may indice such mental states
intense joy, insight, and love maybe produced by endorphins that are natural pain killers |
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Term
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Definition
a place of shelter in medival times
provides comfort and care for terminally ill patients
hospice takes a positive attitude towards death
emphasis is on comfort care
most programs center around care at home, at hospitals patients have a greater independence and control over their lives |
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Term
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Definition
| is best defines as a state in which a person has been deprived of a loved one by death |
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Term
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Definition
| is mental anguish, sorrow over the death of a loved one |
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Term
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Definition
displaying grief or sorrow over a person's death
expressions of grief and mourning are therapeutic for survivors
violent and premature deaths result in most severe grief reactions
suicide is the most difficult type of death for survivors to handle
lossof a child can also be agonizing |
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Term
|
Definition
1. Shock, denial, numbness, disbelief
2. depression, yearning, anger, irritability
3. adjustment
4. identity reconstruction |
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Term
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Definition
women over sixty five are more thanb liekly to be widowed
death of a spouse is particularly stressful for men
many more men remarry after widowhood than women
men have a more difficult time living alone |
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