Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Human Development Final Exam
chapters 11-14 Adolescence and Yound Adults 21-35
83
Psychology
Graduate
07/15/2007

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Puberty
Definition
is the period of life cycle during which sexual and reproductive maturation takes place.
Term
pituitary gland
Definition
master gland

in the brain steps up growth hormones and gonadotrophic hormones during adolescent stage. The social and psychological influences of puberty are also very important.
Term
growth spurt
Definition
refers to a rapid increase in height and weight. Spurts occur in girl two years earlier than boys. They usually last two years, resulting in eight to nine inches increase in height. growith spurts stop about age eighteen.
Term
Puberty
Definition
is characterized by development of reproductive system. Girls mature earlier. Buds of breast develop about age ten.
Term
Puberty
Definition
is characterized by development of reproductive system. Girls mature earlier. Buds of breast develop about age ten.
Term
Menarche
Definition
is the first menstual period. Nutritional improvement has lowered the age for menarche. Menarche is important for sense of identity in girls. Mood is related to menarche also.
Term
Maturation among boys
Definition
about age twelve, signs of puberty begin to appear. Testes, penis enlarge, and pubic hairs appears. Changes in voice come about together with the appearance of facial hair.
Term
Impact of early or late maturation
Definition
Early maturing boys are admired more by their peers. Late maturing boys get negative feedbacks, displayfeelings of ineadequacy and rejection. Findings for girls are conflictual. Some parts of body develop fatser than others. LEgs, for example might develop faster than the rest of the body. This is called asynchrony.
Term
self-image
Definition
late maturing boys tend to be talkative and boastful. Early maturing boys are more likely to become student leaders. Weight is related to positive or negative seld image in girls.
Term
identity
Definition
is composed of the answers a person gives to the question "who am I?" it is a sense of placement within the world
Term
eric erikson
Definition
asolescents struggle to develeop and clarify their identity. they search for identity. acoording to erikson adolescence is the stage of identity versus role confusion
Term
role confusion
Definition
is a state marked by bewilderment about who one is, where one belongs, and where one is going. Some degreee od confusion is permitted before one "finds" himself./herself
Term
Identity confusion
Definition
lack of ability to commit oneself. they may experience negative identity which refers to low self-image or deviant idenity, alife style not supported by the society
Term
Stanley Hall
Definition
"storm and stress"
expectations generate identity crisis amond adol.
Term
pubery rites
Definition
initiation ceremonies or right of passage to adulthood
Term
Albert Bandura
Definition
feels on 10% of adolescents show deviant behavior
Term
Daniel Offer
Definition
finds gradual improvement in self-concept rather than experiencing turbualnce or dramatic changes in adolescents. He feels adolescences is not an excessively stressful period.

Major attitiude changes occur during this period
Term
Formal Operations
Definition
gain capacity to think in logical and abstract terms

shift from concrete to abstract

Quantity to Quality
Term
Egocentricity
Definition
adol tend to me self-conscious and egocentric. they view themselves as unique and even heroic. concerned of reactions of others
Term
Adolescent-Kohlberg stage
Definition
Post-conventional level of morality. Universal ethical issues
Term
Politcal thinking
Definition
in late adolescence

become more liberal, humane and democratic in their politcal perceptions
Term
Concept of Generations
Definition
Generation is defined asa group of persons who become of age at a vertain point in time and experience common events in a culture.

changing societies-newer evironment over time

each generation fashions a unique style of thoughts of life
Term
Ideology
Definition
refers to a set of shared definitions that offer interpretations and solutions to unsatisfactory social conditions
Term
Consciousness of oneness
Definition
refers to members of a group feeling their inner experiences and emotions to be similar. the youth culture has specific notions about masculinity, feminity, and role of education
Term
Adol and families
Definition
overtime

girls have become more peer-oriented and boys become parent oriented

Most important values are parental values!!
Term
influences of behaviors adol.
Definition
Social life is more affected by peers, while education and career are affected by parents.

parents and peers provide adol with different kinds of experiences

deviant behavior=fun
family provides funstional constraintsm(practical limits)
Term
shift in power adol
Definition
adol boys obtain a higher position of influence and power than their mothers, but below their fathers
Term
adol Love
Definition
some cultures consider romantic love as a disruptive force.

emphasis in US is mutual love

Romantic love is an agitated state of physiological arousal, the stimulus being sexual arousal
Term
Liebowitz
Definition
believes love and romance are the most powerful activators of brain pleasure centers. Due to the release of vast amount of phenylithylamine in the brain,one gets the feeling of a psychadelic experience
Term
Zick Rubin
Definition
feels love has the components of attachment. caring and intimacy
Term
devleopment of sexual behavior adol
Definition
infants ahow erections and sexual arousal. 2-3 y/o children investigate their genitals and if permitted thise of adults.

masturbation is a common act in childhood and later during adolescence
Term
changes in sexuality
Definition
dramatic changes after 1965

an equalitarian pre-marital sexual standard appears to be replacing the traditional double standards

today's college students are more conservative in their sexual attitiudes as were students in 1960's and 1970's
Term
aids/STDS
Definition
GIRLS ARE MORE CONCERNED WIH VENERAL DISEASES THAN BOYS
sexual intercourse is more permissible morally by teenagers if they are in love
Term
teenage pregnancy
Definition
more than 4 out of 10 young women in the US become pregnant before the age of twenty. Highest in the world!

mothers are disadvantaged with repsect to education and jobs

teen marriages are usually unstable

more white teenagers get pregnant than blacks

Sweden & Norway , more liberal countries
have the lowest teen pregnancy, abortion and birth!
Term
vocational choices
Definition
usually not prepared to make job decisions

teenage unemployment is the highest among blacks

need for vocational guidance is strongly felt!
Term
adol drug abuse
Definition
excessive or compulsive use of a chemical agent to an extent that interferes with health, social functions,
Term
alcohol
Definition
is the most frequently abused drug in the US
Term
marijuana`
Definition
heavily used but cocaine is taking tis place

after a decade of declne, drug use began to increase again in the US in 1993 amonf people 35 and older and teenagers
Term
Suicide teens
Definition
is the second or third leading cause of death

Attempted-more girls
completed-more males

psychologcal depression underlies suicide

maybe related to seratonin level in the brain.
a combination of psychological and biological factors are important
Term
Risk factors of suicide
Definition
family history of alcohol and drug abuse
family breakdown, unemplyment, deliquency, and depression

psychotherapy and medication are effective in preventing suicide
Term
deliquent
Definition
is an adolescent who often breaks the law
Term
high school dropout
Definition
is 23% in the US

more frequent among poor and minorities

find themselves disadvantage in the job market

educational and social factos due to dropping out

dropouts commit fewere offenses after leaving school

is more likely to relfect an adolescents problems than to be the cause of them
Term
Onset of adulthood
Definition
21 years old
18-21 is the post-adol period or the pre-young adulthood period
Term
Freud (21-35)
Definition
Freud feels that when a person reached young adulthood his/her personality structure has become complete.
Term
Piaget (21-35)
Definition
feels no additional cognitive changes occur after a person reaches young adulthood
Term
Kohlberg (21-35)
Definition
feels moral development is complete for the rest of ones life when one reaches young adulthood
Term
Erikson (21-35)
Definition
is the only psychologist who feels personality development continues not only during the young adulthood period, but for this rest of one;s life
Term
Baby boom generation (21-35)
Definition
people born form 1946-1960

created a demographic tidal wave

1/3 of the population

major part of the labor force in this country
Term
biological aging
Definition
changes in the functioning of organism through the course of time
Term
social aging
Definition
changes in the social roles and social behavior
Term
she norms
Definition
what is appropriate at various age levels

to show appropriate behavior
Term
social norms
Definition
do's and dont's of certain roles

standards of behavior memebers of a group share and are expected to conform

postive/negative norms
Term
social clock
Definition
this relates to age appropriate expectations, the right time to demonstrate certain behaviors

the lower the social class, the mroe rapid is the social clock and vice versa

today a more fluid life cycle gives new freedom to most people to engage in various behaviors
Term
age grade systems
Definition
some african tribes have age-grade systems, the change of life of uninitiated versus initiated boys
Term
life events
Definition
turning points at which people change directions of their lives

some are related to social clock

others may happen due to accidents, revolutions, etc.
Term
Erik Erikson Psychosocial Stages of Development
Definition
Early Adulthood
21-35
Intimacy Versus Isolation

Middle Adulthood
35-65
Generativity Versus Stagnation

Later Adulthood
65-death
Integrity Versus Despair

failure to master aprevious stage will prevent form mastering the later stage
Term
Levinson: Phases in Adult Male Development
Definition
Main task is creation of a structure for life!

Leaving the family: late teens, early 20's such as going to college

Getting into the adutl world

Settling down:early 30's

Becoming one's own man: mid to late 30's. If a man has a mentor, he often gives them up

Mid-life transition: early 40's

re-stabilization: about 45
Term
Female Development Levinson:
Definition
almost 90% of women work at some point int heir lives


go through same developmental periods as men do

Career takes the second place for women. difficult balance between career and family

working women at mid-life are healthier, have higher seld-esteem and suffer less anxiety than women who are homemakers. works acts as a stabilixinf force for women during critical points of their life cycle
Term
higher incidience of depression
Definition
depression is higher among women

emotional attachments mean more to women

the biggest increase int he number of depressed women comes in early 30's
Term
the stage approach controversy
Definition
somepsychologist are not happy with stage approaches in adult dev.

the present trend is towards a more fluid life style rather than rigid, fixed stages
Term
(21-35) Physical performance
Definition
getting older involves losing physical attractiveness, vigor and strength

the years 18 to 30 are peak years for speed and agility. after which they begin to decline.

all 5 senses especially vision and hearing are affecte dby aging
Term
(21-35) Physical Health
Definition
function of heridity nutrition exercise previous ilnnesses.

main illnesses are upper respiratory infections, secual and alcohol related diseases.

Drugs and tobacoo are health hazards as well

adult smokers are restless and impulsive
Term
(21-35) Mental Health
Definition
alcohol abuse and dependence is the most common d.o followed by drug abuse.

problems more in men

depression phobias and schizophrenia are also noted in young adults
Term
(21-35) cognitive development Piaget
post formal operations
Definition
believe that most young adults integrate, or synthesize contradications within a system
Term
(21-35) Robert Sternberg
Definition
vies information processinf as the step by step mental operations that we use int he intellectual tasks

1. encoding the item
2. inferring relationships
3. mapping the relationship
4. applying the relationship
5. justifying the answer and finally respionding appropriately
Term
(21-35) Moral Reasoning
Definition
Gilligan feels men define moral problems in terms of right and rule and the justice approach

women perceive mnorality as an obligation to exercise care and avoid hurt, following the responsibility approach

political views are related to moral development also
Term
(21-35) love and work
Definition
provide the cental themes of adult life

social rel. include EXPRESSIVE TIES when we commit ourselves to another person and are also referred to as PRIMARY REL

INSTRUMENTAL TIES when we cooperate with another person to achieve a limited goal, SECONDARY REL. (casual relationships)
Term
(21-35) lifestyle
Definition
the overall pattern of living whereby we attempt to meet our biological. social, and emotional needs
Term
(21-35) singles
Definition
sinfle life style among both sexes under age 35 has sharply increased in the past few years

this is a tendency to postpone marriage. the stigma attached to being single has been removed
Term
(21-35) Living together
Definition
INCREASED

COHABITATION-seems most attractive to young adults

partners dall in traditional activities.

breaking up is not easy as people think

the emotional trauma of separation is similar to divorce
Term
(21-35) young adults living at home
Definition
lately adult children increasingly come back to their parental homes

extended family living has been both advantage and disadvantages.

loss of privacyis the major problem while living with parents
Term
(21-35) homosexual and lesbain couples
Definition
western world-considered sinful and sometimes sick, although significant attitiude changes are now noted
among gay men fidelity is not defined by sexual behavior but in terms of emotional commitment

due to the aids scare and the hostility of the community at large, some gays had to live a double life
Term
(21-35) marriage
Definition
can be monogamy, bigamy, polygymy, polyandry ( having two or more husbands) and group marriage

half end up in divorce

many americans practice serial monogamy

most prevelant and most preferred
Term
family orientation
Definition
refers to a person. his/her parents and siblings
Term
family of procreation
Definition
refers to his wife or her husband his/her own children
Term
family of life cycle
Definition
the sequential changes that occur in the structure and relationship of family life between the time of marriage and death of a spouse
Term
Ruben Hill family stages
Definition
nine cycle stages

the family begins with the simple husband-wife pair and becomes increasingly complex as memebers are added The period when the couple has just married and has no children is called the stage of ESTABLISHMENT
Term
(21-35) Pregnancy
Definition
first preganancy is very important mark of transition

4 major devlopmental tasks
1. acceptance of pregnancy and dev. of emotional attachment to the unborn child
2. develop pregnancy identity
3. she has to reevaluate her relationship with her own mother
4. accept the issue of dependency

childborth classes teaches about these issues
Term
(21-35) transition to parenthood
Definition
the onset of parenthood causes a "crisis".

a three=persons system is stressful

the first child may have a stabilizing effect on the marriage

women may also suffer from post partum depression
Term
single parent mothers
Definition
increase over the past 25 years

economic and social stress

rate of deliquency is higher for boys

children do not do well in school

Some psychologist believe that lack of father figure might vcontribute to homosexual tendencies in boys. However, according to most psych, homosexuals come from homes in which the dather is ineffective and the mother is the dominant adult
Term
single parent (fathers)
Definition
more men are getting custody
fathers do the chores

have difficulty dealing ith emotionbal needs of their children, especially thier daughters. dating becomes an important issie for the single father
Term
(21-35) significance of work
Definition
structure time, facilitates relation to others, offers escape form boredom and sustains a sense of worth

industrioisness proves an important presictor of mental health in adulthood than having a strong family background.


TO BE OUT OF WORK IS TO BE OF THE DAY TO DAY OPERATIONS OF THE SOCIETY

inability to gain a steady and meaningful employment undermines a person's sense of self-respect and self-worth
Term
socioeconomic life cycle
Definition
a sequence of stages that begins with Birth, int o a family with a special social status and continues through developmental years

the socioeconomic life cycle, according to some sociologist, begins at birth

level of schooling has the principle influence on an indiviudals subsequent occupational attainment.

college and impressive credentials
Supporting users have an ad free experience!