Term
| role of emotions in babies |
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Definition
rage-anger & crying
fear-loud noises
need for love and affection
Erikson. trust first 2 years/
physiological bases and psycholoigcal maifestations.
Darwin felt they are survival values |
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Definition
| felt that each emotion has its own distinctive facial pattern. infants have intense emtional feelings.. emotional expressions have strong biological components. |
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Definition
relatively consistent basic dispositions in people which underlie much of their behavior
Irritability, happy, ease, motor activity, shyness,, which are partly inheritied and later become personality traits
10% difficult babies
40% easy babies
35% mixure
15% slow to warm |
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Term
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Definition
affectional bond that one person forms for another and endures across time and space.
Children show attachment by separation distress when the primary care taker leaves them. Mothers are usually the first objects of specific attachments. Maladaptive values in keeping the infants alive. it is a reciprocal bonding between the child and the care taker.
Bowbly stated human infants are biologically pre-adapted to form attachments
8 months the infants shows stranger anxiety |
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Definition
| is the absence of normal mothering which can result in psychological damage and physical deterioration of the infant |
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Definition
| conducted the first large scale study. He found infants raised by their own mother made considerably better progress by all standards than the institualized ones |
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Definition
| adult neurosis has its roots in childhood conflicts associated with instinctual needs. He emphasized breast feeding, gradual weening, and patient toilet training |
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Definition
also seen a nurturing
men have the potential to be as good care takers as children
Fathers important to their sons during adolescent years
CHILDREN NOT LIVING WITH THEIR FATHERS RAISED FROM 1960 FROM 17% TO 36%!!!!
BOYS ARE AFFECTED MORE WITH THE ABSENCE OF THEIR FATHERS THAN GIRLS.
QUALITY OF THE RELATIONSHIP IS IMPORTANT THAN SIMPLE PRESENCE! |
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Term
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Definition
David Wechsler-logical,thinking, rational, effective action
IQ- the numerical value of intelligence which can be obtained from an intelligent test |
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Definition
| first psychologist to study intelligence. Viewed as a general capacity for comprehension and reasoning |
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Definition
| intelligence is composed of general and specific factors |
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Definition
| suggested 7 dif kinds of int. located in different areas of the brain |
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Term
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Definition
attributes 60 to 80 percent of intelligence to genetic differences and the rest to the environmental differences.
Heredity seems to be more important in the issue of intelligence.
both environment and heredity inportant but heredity takes the upper hand |
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Term
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Definition
Pre-operational stage
child's language and use and symbols dramatically improve and expand.
Language facilitates the child's ability to use symbols.
Reasoning and thinking shows limitations. example: solving conservation problems.
According to this principle. the mass or amount of liquid stay the same even though the shape changes. |
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Term
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Definition
sensorimotor stage
sensations and motor behavior
principles of object permanence |
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Definition
concrete operations
ability to conserve quantity
mass, weight, number length, |
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Term
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Definition
formal operations stage
deal with abstractions
scientific though |
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Definition
retention of what has been leanred or experienced, critical for information processing
recall. recognition and facilitation of relearning
store memory at different periods of time |
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Definition
involve visual imagery
starts at 9 months, but can not recall before age 3
According to Freud, painful childhood memories are repressed |
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Term
| sensory information storage |
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Definition
| info from our senses is registered for processing |
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Definition
| rentention of information extends over long time periods |
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Definition
process lasts 30 seconds for retention
example,. telephone number, dailing number then forgetting the number |
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Term
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Definition
| this is defined as a persons awareness and undestanding of his/her mental process |
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Definition
personal awareness and understanding of their memory process
at kindergarten age, develop knowledge of memory process and know that forgetting occurs |
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Definition
categorizing, meaningful categories facilitates remembering
repeating information to oneself |
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Definition
specify who does what and when and where they do it.
Roles place on us social norms that define our obligations and expectations
most three year old children make a doll carry out several role related activities |
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Term
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Definition
the sense I reflects self-awareness.
Self- gives a sense of uniqueness to the person
ego-develops at 6 months
self- developed by age 2
distinguish mind and body 6-8 y/o |
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Definition
| set of cultural expectations that define the ways by which members of each sex should behave |
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Definition
| concepts people have of themselves as being male or female |
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Definition
John Money
girls exposed to excessive male hormones during fetal period shows that some of them demonstrated "tom boyish" behavior and characters
hormones-favor for one kind of gender behavior or another. they make it EASIER to learn certain gender related behaviors |
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Term
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Definition
showns signs of male and female genitals.
shaping of gender identity is environment, being labeled as a boy or girl shapes one's future behavior |
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Term
| Gender Idenity Psychoanalytic |
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Definition
Freud believed infants has the psychological characteristics associated with both sexes.
Bisexuality at birth |
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Term
| Gender Identity Cognitive Learning |
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Definition
| Learning reinforcement and imitation shape gender identity |
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Term
| Cognitive Development Gender Identity |
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Definition
Piaget- a child labels himself as a boy or herself as a girl and then masters appropriate behavior to fit their gender identity
80% of american children are aware of gender difference by age 3 |
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Term
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Definition
ablility of men and women to behave in both masculine and feminine manner. men can be both tough and tender, active and yet passive and vice versa
fathers more concerned with sex roles, push sons towards masculinity |
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Definition
| the process of transmitting culture. by age two, socialization has already started |
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Definition
parents show warmth through affection, accepting, approving and understanding
hostility is shown through cold, rejecting, disapproving, and punitive behavior |
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Term
| control-autonomy dimension |
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Definition
warm and democratic parenting including establishing a set of rules is the best method of child rearing
high restriction fosters dependency
two much permissiveness is undesirable
permissiveness and hostility lead to deliquency |
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Term
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Definition
overindulging
over protective
possessive
children rule the family
children regulate and control their own behavior and also control their parents behaviors |
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Term
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Definition
cooperative
democratic
freedom
authoritative
parents provide firm directions for their children activities, but give the child freedom within limits.. parents also give reasons for their polices and are fair with their rules. |
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Term
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Definition
controlling
dictatorial
antagnonistic
authoritarian
shape, control, and evlauate their childrens behavior according to traditional and absolute values and standards of conduct. obedience is stressed. |
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Term
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Definition
detached
indifferent
neglecting
antisocial/conduct d.o among children |
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Term
| consisitency in discipline |
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Definition
| effective discipline is consistent and unambigious. inconsistency in discipline leads to inconsistent behavior |
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Term
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Definition
77% white
67% hispanic
37% black
live with biological parents
Single parents homes was referred as Broken Homes
major cause of single parent families is divorce
quality of interaction most important
joint custody is important and beneficial |
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Term
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Definition
according to Zajonc, the oldest child experiecnes a richer intellectual environment than younger children. he also believes that more children in a family alter the intellectual env of that family
Adler-middle child syndrome
competing for the position of power with the first child and for positive of love with the last child |
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Definition
| voluntary activities that are not performed for any sake beyond themselves. these are activities outside the serious business of life |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Definition
| watching others with some interaction |
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Term
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Definition
| playing beside each other independently |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| integrative games involving rules |
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Term
| Play contributions to childs development |
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Definition
a) cognitive stimulation
b) prepares for life
c) opportunities for rehersing adult roles called antocipatory socialization
d) help build sense of identity
e) allow for reality and fantasy |
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Term
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Definition
injury and destructive
verbal aggression increases ages 2-4
more aggressive communities and homes engage in more aggressive behavior
competition may result in aggression
Freud stated inborn instinct |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to learning behavior by observing |
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Term
| Piaget executive strategies |
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Definition
| refers to the ability to intergrate lower-level cognitive skills |
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Term
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Definition
an unpleasant emotion aroused by impending danger, pain or misfortune
fear is focused |
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Term
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Definition
| is global and diffuse and unfocused |
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Term
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Definition
| is an irrational,excessive fear |
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Term
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Definition
| a process involving the recognition of a response to threat or danger |
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Definition
| is motivating and relieves boredom |
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Term
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Definition
involves the responses we make in order to master, tolerate or reduce stress
problem focused- coping involves changing the situation
emotional focused- coping involves changing one's appraisal of the situation |
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Term
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Definition
| this refers to people's perception of who or what is responsible for the outcome of events. behaviors in their lives |
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Term
| external locus of control |
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Definition
| placing the control outside the person, such as luck or fate |
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Term
| internal locus of control |
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Definition
| placing the control inside the person such as will and abilities |
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Term
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Definition
| child adopts principles that lead them to evaluate given behaviors as right and others as wrong |
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Term
| moral development psychoanalytic |
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Definition
Freud
internalization of parental prohibitions dos and donts, create superego or conscience in the child. superego restrains instinctual impulses called ID.
the fight between superego and id creates anxiety and guilt!!!!!! |
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Term
| moral development cognitive learning |
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Definition
learned by conditioning and modeling experiences
children imitate the behavior of their care givers
rewards and punishment strengthen moral behavior |
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Term
| moral development cognitive developmental theory |
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Definition
takes place in stages
refer to Jean Piaget view of Moral development and Lawrence Kohlberg's view |
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Term
| Jean Piagets 2 stages of moral development |
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Definition
heteronomous morality
conception of moral rules as absolute, unchanging and rigid
autonomous morality
begins from adolescence, rationality, flexibility, egalitarian and social consciousness. it is democratic and is based on mutual respect and cooperation. |
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Term
| Lawrence Kohlberg's Moral Development |
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Definition
3 levels
preconventional level:
2-7 year
obedient and punishment oriented, obeys rules to avoid punishment and receive reward
conventional level
7-12
win the approval of others.
views good person as having a set of virtues and places emphasis on being good boy or nice girl. law and order oriented, accepts social conventions and rules
postconventional- 12-18
the adolescent is social contract oriented, feels that unjust laws should be changed.
universal ethical principle orientation. conduct is controlled by internalized set of ideas. unjust rules and las may be broken if they conflict with moral principles at large |
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Term
| moral behavior consistency and inconsistency |
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Definition
| there is no well defined boundary line between honest and dishonesty. all children cheat some of the time. morality is specific to siutations rather than a general character trait. |
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Term
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Definition
| moral development invovlves acquiring prosocial behavior, responding in a sympathetic, cooperative behavior |
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Term
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Definition
refers to helping others without expectation of return or reward
appears early in life if parents are encouraging
is increased when adults model before a child or when reinforcement is given for such behavior
hypocritical parents and adults discourage helping and sharing behavior
nurturant parents who model altruism are the best influences on their children |
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Term
| development functions of peer group |
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Definition
many different kinds of peer relationships develop during middle childhod which is also called the socialization period.
peer groups relieve boredom, give sense of well being , transmit informal knowledge including sexual information |
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Definition
| refers to the fact that boys like to associate with boys and girls with girls |
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Term
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Definition
| is defined as two or more persons who share a feeling of unity |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to assessing patterns of attraction or rejection or indifference among group members |
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Term
| physical atrractiveness and body built |
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Definition
| there is a positive relationship between attractiveness and popularity |
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Term
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Definition
| muscular, athletic/ is seen strong popular and happy |
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Definition
| skinny/ is seen as quiet, worried, anxious and sneaky |
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Definition
fat and obese/ is seen as dishonest, lazy, and sloppy,
physical attractiveness is culturally defined |
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Term
popular children
unpopular children |
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Definition
popular-active, outgoing, alert and self-assured
unpopular-lethargic, apathetic, timid, aggressive and boastful
social maturiy-rapidly increases in early school years |
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Term
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Definition
| our self-conceptions emerge from social interactions with others and in turn influence and guide our behaviors |
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Term
| 3 conditions for high self-esteem in children |
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Definition
1) parents with high self esteem
2) parents clearly inforcing limits, giving children a sense of norms
3) parents respecting their children and their children's opinions
warm and accepting parents are associated with children who have high self-esteem |
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Term
| Sherif's conformity experiment |
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Definition
Auto kinetic effect
studied children's and adult's reactions to an optical illusion ( a stationary light spot in a dark room) and found that most people were influenced by group norms, though they were unaware of them |
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Term
| Ach's conformity experiment |
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Definition
| judgement of lines showed that children judged all vertical lines the same length (even if they were not) provided their peers groups said they are the same length |
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Term
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Definition
is defined as a systematically negative way of feeling or behaving towards groups of people.
children learn prejudice from their parents.
children seem to be at the height of their prejudicial awareness during later childhood |
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Term
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Definition
provide formal. conscious and systematic training.
today's schools mirror the larger society of which they are part of.
serve as babysitting or dating and marriage market agencies |
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Term
| school performance and social class |
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Definition
| there is a positive correlation between social class and school progress |
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Term
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Definition
schools succeed relatively well with upper and middle class children
schools are mainly made for middle class children. middle class children are expected by their parents to apply themselves to school work |
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Term
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Definition
lower class and minority children are victims of self-fulfilling prophecy.
they are expected to fail or not do well in school. |
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Term
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Definition
| if handicapped students are placed in the same class with normal children, the practice is called mainstreaming |
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Term
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Definition
in 1954, the supreme court in the US ordered desegregation of our schools
studies show that desegregation has been positive rather than negative for black students but making no difference for white students |
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Definition
a non profit organization located in Tavares Florida that will take your bonus money and will fire people due to "lack of funds"
How is the studying going Suzanne?????
-Dea
thought you would like this card :) |
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