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| Change and the constancy over the life span. Orderly change over time from birth to death. |
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| Changes over life span studied from psychological point of view, how people change in time. The role of the psychologist is to DESCRIBE< EXPLAIN< PREDICT< and CONTROL changes in behavior. |
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| increase in cells and tissues |
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| functional development changes over time period,for example motor development |
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| permanent modification in behavior due to practice |
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| regulated people's behavior in each age strata |
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| a group of persons born in the same time interval |
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| assignment of roles to individuals in independently of their unique abilities or qualities ex. sex, age, teenager, adolescent |
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| social heritage of people;; learned patterns of thinking and behaving |
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| social layers that are based on time periods in life, youth, old age |
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| the period from conception to death including both prenatal and post natal periods |
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1. selecting a researchable problem
2. formulating a hypotheses
3. testing hypotheses
4. drawing conclusions about the hypotheses
5. publishing the findings |
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| a research approach in which the same individual is studied ober an extended time period |
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| different groups varying in ages are simultaneously studied |
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| stimulus=cause=independent variable shown by x horizontal axis |
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| response=effect=dependent variable shown by Y on vertical axis |
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| survey method uses questionaire, telephone directory, interviews, a sample is tested from the population |
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| is a set of interrelated statements that provide explanation for a class of events. Theory inspires research. hypotheses are based on theories. 100% theory is a law. |
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| psychoanalysis, instinctual drives, sex and aggression major forces of human motivation. Psychosexual stages. Libido (the energy of life instinct) lodges in various erogenous zones during development |
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oral 1-2
anal 3-4
phallic 4-6
latency 6-12
genital 12-18 |
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| Overindulgence/ under-indulgence psycho sexual stage |
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over results in fixation
under resutls in regression |
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| personality continues to develop over the entire life span. Psychosocial stages |
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| stages that each part of personality has a particular time in the life span when it must develop. if it does not, the rest of development is unfavorably altered |
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| must be observable and measureable. emphasize condition and learning. Skinner thinks behavior is divided into units called responses. The environment is dividied into unts called the stimuli. |
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| is the application of learning theory and experimental psychology to changing mal-adaptive behavior |
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| third force of psychology, stress human condition. holistic approach is followed. Behavior is looked at as a whole |
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low to high
biological physiological needs
safety needs
love and belongingness
self esteem
self actualization |
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| congition.... Thinking, Reasoning, and Problem Solving and the Information processing |
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| cognitive stages, growth and maturity of an ind. ability to think reason and solve problems |
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a cognitive structure that people evolve for dealing with specific kinds of situations in their environment
Blue print age 2 |
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| this process involves both assimilation and accomodation |
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taking new information and interpreting it so that it conforms to a currently held schema of the world
put in what it already knows |
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| changing a schema to make it a better match to the world of reality |
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| balance between the two processes assimilation and accomodation |
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the sensori-motor stage
birth to 2 years |
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| the infant tries to discover the relationship between sensation and motor development. Infant shows positive emotions like joy and happiness about three months. Ego begins to develop around 6 months. The first memory appears about nie months. The infant responds to Object permanence-repappear and disappear an object |
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the pre-operational stage
2-7 |
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| infancy terminates. the child begins to use symbols. language develops rapidly, 4 y/o the child shows egocentrism. Operation is defined as a mental act. |
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the concrete operational stage
7-12 |
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| learn various mental operations and principles such as principles of order and reversibility. the child learns conservation mass principle. child operates mainly concrete |
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the formal operational stage
12-18 |
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there is a gradual shift from concrete to abstract thinking logical reasoning appear.
18- the individual can think. reason and perform various mental acts. |
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| organisms adapt to a new environment, based on evolution and natural selection and survival of the fittest |
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| behavior patterns of organisms from biological view point. organisms are genetically prepared for certain responses |
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| a process of attachment during the critical period or sensitive period in the life of an organism |
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| evolution favors genes that improve the chances of a group's survival |
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| universe is a machine composed of elementary particles in motion. humans viewed as physical objects |
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| focuses on the whole. human beings are seen as organized configurations |
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| selects and choses from various theories |
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Germinal -conception to 3 weeks
Embryonic: 3 weeks to 3 months
Fetal: 3 months to 9 months |
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neonate-first three weeks
infancy first 2 years
early childhood-2-7
middle 7-12
adolescent early12-14
middle-14-16
late 16-18
post-adol 18-21
yound adult 21-35
middle years 36-65
old age 66-death |
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| organisms create more of their own |
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| gamets include sperm and ovum |
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male sex hormone
female sex hormone |
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androgen/ secreted from testes
estrogen/ovaries |
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| The first two to three weeks after conception. After fertilization the fertilized egg, called zygote, beings to go through rapid cell divisions when the zygote appears as a hollow ball cell=blastocyst. |
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| Union of sperm and an ovum in the upper third oviduct |
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3 weeks to 3 months or 2-8 weeks.
development of embryo is cephalocaudal. from head to feet. and proximodistal from middle of the body to the sides. sex determined by father. placenta is to exchange food and oxygen for metobolic waste and carbon dioxide |
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3 months -9 months
no changes, fetus is connected to the placenta |
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| 85% of people are RH positive. 15% or Rh negative. If the mother is negative and her first child is positive then she might endanger her second child. Erthroblastiosis fetalis-risk is minimal now with transfusions |
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| adrenaline secreted from adrenal glands directly travels though placenta into the fetal blood stream and will cause various nervous disease and problems for the fetus. |
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Hello Suzanne!!!!!!!
I hope you are studying hard!!!!
Peace out!
-Dea |
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| young mothers 16 or older mothers over 45, might have downs syndrome children. 3 chromosomes appear in pair 21. results in a shorter life span. |
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| premature infants weighing less than 5 1/2 pounds and less than 37 weeks old. premature infants can die of respiratory distress syndrome. |
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23 pairs.
zygote, 46 individual or 23 pairs
each chromosome contains thousands of genes that carry characteristics of the parents. each gene made up of DNA molecules which appear like a rope ladder under magnification |
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| unlearned , involuntary response, which signals the needs of the neonate |
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| tilting head backward slightly when the neonate is gently dropped |
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| when touched corner of the mouth or cheek,.turns head toward stimulus |
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| neonate sucks on objects placed in mouth |
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| neonate sucks on objects placed in mouth |
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| when gently touched dowm the sole to the toes, the toes of the neonate crawl outward |
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| baby crawls fingers around the finger of the person |
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| when born under water the baby swims to the surface ., there are 27 reflexes at the time of birth |
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| the nervous system develops more rapidly than other systems. rapid growth of the brain the first two years is amazing |
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| motor development first 2 weeks |
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rhythmical behavior
locomotion
manual skills |
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| black/white patterns. cannot focus or use accomodation |
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| the tendency for objects to look the same to us despite sensory inputs has not yet developed |
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| Elenor Gibson's visual cliff experiment shows the infant will not cross over for fear of falling down |
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| the neonate likes sweet taste and smell,. but dislikes sour or bitter tastes and foul smell |
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| hot, cold, pressure, pain receptors are functional. neonate loves to be touched and held |
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| thinking, reasoning, and problem solving-process of knowing |
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| stable, permanent, changes in behavior due to practice |
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| a structural system of sound patterns that have meaning |
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| center for production of language (stroke) |
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| center of comprehension of language |
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people transmit information,. ideas and attitudes and emotions
language facilitates cognitive processes |
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language-verbal
emotions-non verbal, concepts formed by language, through conceptualization ( grouping peceptions into classes or categories) we can identify and classify information input |
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| Noam Chomsky- no other animal has this ability. infants are biologically adapted to lean a language. the speech areas or centers in the human brain provide excellent evidence for this theory. (inborn language generating mechanism) |
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| refers to the stress, pitch, and volume of vocalization, how something is said , not what is said |
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about the third month cooing appears.
about the six month babbling appears.
even deaf children go through these stages |
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| also known as telegraphic speech. single words conveying different meanings, such as ball or out |
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| two words sentences (age) |
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| about 2 years old. there is a strong similarity between the sentences a child makes and the telegram an adult sends |
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