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| Psychologists who study orderly and sequential changes that occur in behavior with the passage of time are studying what? |
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| The four major issues of developmental psychology are describing, explaining, predicting, and ________ developmental changes. |
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| What domains of development entails changes in weight, height, organ structures and processes, and skeletal, muscular, and neurological features? |
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| Those changes that occur in mental activity, including sensation, perception, memory, thought, reasoning, and language, are studied in the field of ________ development. |
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| Those changes that concern a person’s personality, emotions, and relationships with others are known as ________ development. |
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| Developmental psychologists studying psychosocial development assume what? |
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| When a particular biological potential, such as the ability to walk, automatically unfolds in a set, irreversible sequence, we refer to this process as what? |
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| The more or less permanent modification in behavior that results from the individual’s experience in the environment is called what? |
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| An advocate of the ecological approach believes that the study of developmental influences must include what? |
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| the person's interaction with the environment, the person's changing physical and social settings, the relationship among those settings, and how the entire process is affected by the society in which the settings are embedded |
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| Which ecological system includes the social structures that directly or indirectly affect a person’s life, such as school, work, the media, government agencies, and various social networks? |
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| Know examples of normative age-graded influence on development for adolescent’s. |
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| Each generation’s members experience certain decisive economic, social, political, and military events at similar junctures in life; these are referred to as what? |
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| Normative history-graded influences |
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| Unique turning points at which people change some direction in their lives (such as divorce, winning the lottery, or being severely injured in an accident) are called what? |
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| Non-normative life events |
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| A person’s ________ functions as a reference point that allows people to orient themselves in terms of what or where they are within various social networks. |
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| The social heritage of a person (those learned patterns for thinking, feeling, and acting that are transmitted from one generation to the next) is called what? |
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| All societies are divided into social layers that are based on time periods in life, which psychologists call what? |
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| It seems that a new stage has emerged between adolescence and adulthood called what? |
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| What are characteristics of a theory? |
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Definition
| provides an explanation for a class of events |
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| The major function of a theory is to what? |
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| organizes observations, shows relationships among facts, stimulates inquiry |
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| Sigmund Freud’s theory suggests that individuals pass through various ________ stages. |
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| According to Freud’s view, the unconscious is important because_____? |
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| it contains motivation stemming from impulses buried below the level of awareness |
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| A major premise of Freudian theory is that fixation occurs when _____? |
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| an individual who does not develop a complex might become so addicted to the pleasures of a given stage that they are not willing to move on to later stages |
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| What is a criticism of psychoanalytic theory? |
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- can't be tested using the scientific method
- based on male dominated culture of the Victorian era
- Freud's patients suffered from emotional difficulties |
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| In contrast to Freud’s concern with psychosexual development, Erik Erikson emphasized what? |
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| Erikson concluded that the personality continues to develop over the life span in____? |
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| According to Maslow’s theory, what are the fundamental needs? |
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| Physiological (food, water, sex) |
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| Behavioral theorists look at the interaction between what? |
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| Operant conditioning is derived from? |
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| Reinforcement occurs when ______? |
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| one event strengthens the probability of another event's occurring |
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| Behavior modification uses ________ to change behaviors? |
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| learning, stopping the reinforcement of a behavior |
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| According to Piagetian theory, when a child engages in the process of assimilation, he or she_____? |
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| takes in new information and interprets it so that if conforms to a currently held model of the world |
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| According to Piagetian theory, when a child engages in the process of accommodation, he or she is___? |
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| changing their schema to make it better match the world of reality |
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| The difference between Lewin’s field theory and Bronfrenbrenner’s ecological theory is the concept of what? |
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| Sex cells (sperm and ova) are called what? |
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| A normal adult male’s sperm production can be affected by what? |
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| physical health, recreational environment, scrotum temperature, smoking, drinking, drugs, chemicals, radiation, unprotected sexual activity |
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| The principal male sex hormones are? |
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| testosterone and androsterone |
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| The primary female reproductive organs, the ovaries, produce mature ova and the female sex hormones ____? |
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| estrogen and progesterone |
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| The optimal time for fertilization (conception) to occur within the menstrual (ovarian) cycle is? |
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| Fertilization actually takes place in what female reproductive structure? |
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| If pregnancy fails to take place, the decreasing level of hormones leads to menstruation, about ____ days after ovulation. |
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| Long, threadlike structures made of protein and nucleic acid containing hereditary materials are known as _______. |
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| The first step in cloning is? |
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| Humans have ____ genes in each cell. |
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| A medical diagnostic procedure, used by physicians to identify hereditary defects before an infant’s birth, that draws fluid from the sac surrounding the fetus is called? |
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| The placenta is the organ that does what? |
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| functions as an exchange terminal that permits entry of food materials, oxygen, and hormones into the embryo and exits carbon dioxide and metabolic wastes |
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| During the fifth prenatal month, the mother generally begins to feel the spontaneous movements of the fetus (a sensation like a fluttering butterfly in the abdominal region) known as? |
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| Most pregnancies end with the birth of a normal, healthy baby. However, about what percent of all conceptions result in spontaneous abortion? |
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| Rh-negative disorder is one in which the infant may be given intrauterine transfusion because? |
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| there is an incompatibility of a protein in the mother's and child's blood |
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| A woman’s obstetrician suggests to her that he needs to get a sample of amniotic fluid from her fetus. Why? |
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| to detect if there are any hereditary defects in the fetus |
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| Regina, a first-time mother, tells you she is expecting quintuplets. What does this suggest to you? |
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| she used ART to become pregnant |
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