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Human Capital test 3
test 3
127
Business
Undergraduate 2
04/26/2011

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Term
Need for achievement
Definition
How much people are motivated to excel at the tasks they are performing.
Term
Need for affiliation
Definition
reflects a desire to establish and maintain warm and friendly relationships with other people.
Term
Need for power
Definition
the need to control things
Term
Motivator Factors
Definition
Intrinsic or internal– something inside us– satisfation
They usual deal with our ability to get a sense of achievement from performing our job
Term
Hygiene Factors
Definition
Extrinsic or External---dissatisfaction – focuses on the work environment and the need to avoid unpleasantness
Term
Equity Theory
Definition
Look at our inputs compared to our outcomes
Term
Essentially equity theory focuses on distributive justice.
Definition
Essentially equity theory focuses on distributive justice.
Term
Distributive Justice
Definition
OUTCOMES are just and fair
Term
Procedural Justice
Definition
PROCESSES used are just and fair
Term
Positive Reinforcement
Definition
Pleasant consequeses following a behavior
Term
Negative Reinforcement
Definition
A change in behavior causes something undesirable to be taken away
Term
Punishment
Definition
- Bad consequence that makes things less likely to occur
Ex. Sent home early
Term
Extinction
Definition
withhold reinforcement for a previously reinforced behavior
Ex. Stop telling person to speed up
Term
Goal Setting
Definition
The process of Developing, negotioning, and establishing targets that challenge the individual
Term
Strategic
Definition
Developing measures and feedback systems that push employees to engage in behaviors and produce results
Term
Administrative
Definition
Used in personnel decisions
(pay raises, layoffs, etc.)
Term
Developmental
Definition
Provide feedback
Improve communication
Evaluate goal achievement
Term
Strategic Relevance
Definition
Extent to which standards relate to the strategic objectives of the organization
Term
Criterion Contamination
Definition
Outside factors beyond an employee’s control that affects their performance
Term
Criterion Deficiency
Definition
Extent to which standards capture the entire range of an employee’s responsibilities
Term
Reliability
Definition
Consistency of a performance measure
Term
Acceptability:
Definition
Whether those who use the performance measure accept it
Term
Specificity
Definition
Extent to which a performance measure tells employees what is expected of them and how they can meet these expectations
Term
Legal Compliance
Definition
job-related, given written copy of standards, measurable standards, supervisor training, open discussion, appeals procedure
Term
Distributional errors-
Definition
when you can have only a certain in the excellent category
Term
Leniency, Severity, or Central Tendency-
Definition
Ways of thinking for managers
Term
Contrast Errors-
Definition
when your compared to the person who went directly before you
Term
Reccency error
Definition
– Only look at the employees most recent error
Term
Similar-to-me error-
Definition
an appraiser will inflate an employees evaluation because they are like the employee in some way
Term
Halo/Horns Error-
Definition
bias toward a certain group, good or bad
Term
Unintentional errors-
Definition
make mistakes they don’t mean to
Term
Intentional errors
Definition
know they rate someone high or low that does not deserve it
Term
Evaluator training-
Definition
teach them observation or feedback skills
Term
Rater error training
Definition
we can help people to not be subjective and rate accurately
Term
Frame-of-reference training-
Definition
you see who really is execent and you can compair
Term
Evaluator feedback-
Definition
someone looks and tells you whether u did good or not
Term
Rate the rater on how well they evaluate others’ performance-
Definition
ppl you rate rate you on how well you did
Term
Internal equity
Definition
Different compensations for different values within a firm
Ex. Accounts get paid what the other accounts get paid
Term
External equity –
Definition
Compensations that are consistent with the labor market
Ex. Account arcoss the street gets paid more than you
Term
Job Evaluation-
Definition
Process to determine the relative level and importance of each job
Term
Job Ranking
Definition
order jobs from highest to the lowest
Term
Job Classification
Definition
Group people according to wage grades
Term
Determine compensable factors
Definition
elements that constitute what the job is composed of i.e. things that are worth compensation.
Term
Broadbanding:
Definition
Collapses traditional salary grades into a few wide bands
Term
Wage Compression
Definition
Occurs when less experienced, often junior employees, earn as much or more than experienced employees due to high starting salaries for new employees
Term
Bonus
Definition
Only paid once, also can hurt culture because of competition
Term
Raises
Definition
Usually given annually
Supervisor Performance Rating
Widely Used
Term
Piecework
Definition
rate for each unit produced
Term
Differential piece rate
Definition
employees whose production exceeds the standard amount of output receive a higher rate for all of their work than the rate paid to those who do not exceed the standard rate.
Term
Standard Hour Plan
Definition
standard time X hourly rate
Term
Merit raises
Definition
tied to performance objectives.
Term
Lump sum merit pay
Definition
employees receive a year-end merit payment, which is not added in their base pay
Term
Straight Salary
Definition
paid for duties that are not immediately reflected in their sales volume.
Term
Straight Commission
Definition
all compensation based on a percentage of sales
Term
Combined salary and commission
Definition
combines straight salary and commission
Term
Team Compensation-
Definition
every member of the team gets the same bonus
Term
Individual incentive plan
Definition
you can earn a different bonus then the rest of your team
Term
The Scanlon Plan
Definition
using employee and management committees to gain cost reduction improvements
Term
Improshare
Definition
a gainsharing program in which bonuses are based on the overall productivity of the work team
Term
Profit Sharing:
Definition
Tie bonuses to the profit of the organization
Helps educate employees about firm performance
Term
Employee Stock Ownership Plans
Definition
the companies own stock is used for retirement purposes
Term
Individual incentives for professional employees
Definition
Executive base salaries
Executive short term incentives – annual bonuses
Executive long term incentives – stock options
Executive benefits – usually broader in coverage and free
Executive Perquisites – nonmonetary rewards
Term
Stock Options
Definition
Gives an employee the right to buy a certain number of shares in the company at a fixed price in a certain number of years
Term
A Group
Definition
A collection of two or more people who interact with one another in a way such that each person influences and is influenced by the others
Term
fundamental characteristics of a group
Definition
The atmosphere tends to be relaxed, comfortable, and informal.
The group’s task is well understood and accepted by the members.
The members listen well to one another; most members participate in a good deal of task relevant discussion
People express both their feelings and their ideas.
Conflict and disagreement are present and centered around ideas or methods, not personalities or people.
The group is aware and conscious of its own operation and function.
Decisions are usually based on consensus, not majority vote.
When actions are decided, clear assignments are made and accepted by members of the group
Term
Work Team
Definition
A group of people with complementary skills who are committed to a common mission, performance goals, and approach for which they hold themselves mutually accountable.
Term
Norms
Definition
standards that a work group uses to evaluate the behavior of its members
Term
Group cohesion
Definition
The “interpersonal glue” that makes members of a group stick together.
Term
Social Loafing
Definition
the failure of a group member to contribute personal time, effort, thoughts, or other resources to a group
Term
Groupthink
Definition
everyone starts to think alike.
Term
Loss of Individuality
Definition
A social process in which individual group members lose self-awareness and its accompanying sense of accountability, inhibition, and responsibility for individual behavior.
Term
Why is diversity important in groups?
Definition
Important in formation.
Applies to ethnic, gender, and cultural diversity.
Diversity enhances group performance.
Interpersonal diversity –
Watch out for subtle discrimination- gender or culture specific language
Term
Interpersonal diversity
Definition
People with some diversity in there group are happier overall
Term
subtle discrimination-
Definition
gender or culture specific language
Term
Forming
Definition
Little agreement
Unclear purpose
Guidance and direction
Term
Storming
Definition
Conflict
Increased clarity of purpose
Power struggles
Coaching
Term
Norming
Definition
Agreement and Consensus
Clear roles and responsibilities
Facilitation
Term
Performing
Definition
Clear vision and purpose
Focus on goal achievement
Delegation
Term
Adjourning
Definition
Task completion
Good feeling about achievements
Recognition
Term
Mature Group
Definition
Purpose and Mission
Behavioral Norms- standards of behavior
Group Cohesion
Status Structure- someone is incharge
Been together along time
Term
Task Functions
Definition
An activity directly related to the effective completion of a team’s work
Term
Maintenance Functions
Definition
An activity essential to effective, satisfying interpersonal relationships within a team or group.
Term
Dissimilarity
Definition
Demographic dissimilarity influences employees’ absenteeism, commitment, turnover intentions, beliefs, work group relationships, self esteem, and organizational citizenship behavior
Term
Value dissimilarity
Definition
may be positively related to task and relationship conflict, but is negatively related to team involvement.
Term
Creativity
Definition
Enhanced through diversity, training facilitators, membership change in teams, and brainstorming.
Term
Leadership
Definition
the process of guiding and directing the behavior of people in the work environment. Taking charge of the activities of other people. Followers are the most important part in the leader-follower relationship. You can learn leadership. Leader's aren't always necessarily charismatic
Term
Consideration
Definition
Good managers need to be kind, supportive, and look out for team members
Term
Initiating Structure
Definition
Focused on goal achievement and attainment, in particular, meeting deadlines
Term
Employee oriented
Definition
Focused on relationships, less close supervision, few written rules, and displayed concern for people and their needs
Term
Production Oriented
Definition
Constant influence attempts on employees; close supervision, many rules; focus is on getting work done
Term
Team Managers
Definition
Considered ideal; very flexible
Term
Country Club
Definition
attempt to avoid conflict; they want to be popular; they're accommodating; they keep people happy thru relationships
Term
Middle
Definition
Balance a concern for people and production; no commitment to either
Term
Impoverished
Definition
just enough to get by
Term
Authority/Compliance
Definition
Only care about getting work done; human relationships aren't necessary
Term
High LPC
Definition
relationship oriented people, unstructed, weak position power, good Leader Member relations
Term
Low LPC
Definition
Task oriented people, structured, strong postion power, weak Leader Member relations
Term
Task Structure
Definition
Degree of Clarity or direction
Term
Position Power
Definition
Leader's Formal position or title
Term
Leader Member Relations
Definition
Focused on interpersonal relationships
Term
Path Goal Theory of Leadership
Definition
Focused on helping the employees achieve their goals; broadest theory of leadership; based on expectancy theory
Term
Directive also known as instrumental
Definition
They provide guidance and establish rules and procedures; these are needed when things aren't very clear
Term
Supportive
Definition
Friendly, approachable, show concern; good when the job is stressful
Term
Participative
Definition
Consult with subordinates and get their ideas; good when the task is unstructured
Term
Achievement Oriented
Definition
When leaders set challenging goals and expect employees to meet them; good when you're focusing on goal setting
Term
Leader-Member Exchange (LMX Theory)
Definition
Leaders form two groups of follower: an in-group and an out-group
Term
In-group
Definition
Like the leader; they get more rewards; more responsibility; more attention
Term
out-group
Definition
not like the leader; they recieve less attention, fewer rewards, managed by formal rules
Term
The Situational Leadership Model
Definition
The leader's behavior should be adjusted to the maturity level of followers. Task oriented and relationship oriented from Ohio State studies
Term
Telling style
Definition
When a follower is unable and unwilling to do a certain task. this style involves providing instructions and closely monitoring performance. High Task and low relationship behavior
Term
Selling Style
Definition
When the follower is unable but willing and confident to do a task the leader can use a selling style in which there is a high task behavior and high relationship behavior. The leader explains decisions and provides opportunities for the employee to seek clarification or help
Term
Participating Style
Definition
Sometimes a follower will be able to complete a task but many seem unwilling or insecure about doing so. High relationship but low task behavior. The leader encourages the follower to participate in decision-making.
Term
Delegating Style
Definition
Tasks for which a follower is able and willing the leader is able to use a delegating style characterized by low task behavior and low relationship behavior. Follower readiness is high and low levels of leader involement are needed
Term
Transformational Leadership
Definition
A leader who moves and changes things "in a big way" by inspiring others to perform the extraordinary. They're doing this through their values, vision, or passion.
Term
Intellectual Simulation
Definition
Transformational Leaders help their followers recognize problems and ways of solving them
Term
Individualized consideration
Definition
Transformal leaders give their followers the support and attention they need to perform their jobs well
Term
Inspirational Motivation
Definition
Transformational leaders clearly communicate the importance of the company's mission and rely on symbols to help focus their efforts
Term
Visionary Leader
Definition
An individual who is capable of influencing others thru an emotional and/ or intellectual attraction to the leader's dream for that which "can be",; linking the present and future
Term
Charismatic Leadership
Definition
People who possess legitimate power that arises from "exceptional sanctity, heroism, or exemplary character"
Term
Authentic Leadership
Definition
A leader who is guided by explicit values that emphasize collective interest, enabling them to operate at high levels of moral integrity
Term
Emotional Intelligence
Definition
Ability to recognize and manage emotion in yourself and others
Term
Trust
Definition
When followers believe that the leader has their welfare in mind
Term
Effective Followers
Definition
people who are active and responsible; they have freedom in their behavior; they can be critical without being disrespectful
Term
Alienated Followers
Definition
emotionally distanced from leaders; potentially disruptive
Term
Sheep
Definition
do simply as they are told by their leaders
Term
Yes People
Definition
they uncritically reinforce the ideas of their leader; most dangerous because they are most likely to give a false positive
Term
Survivors
Definition
least disruptive and lowest risk followers; "better safe than sorry"
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