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Human Body Exam - Bones and Joints
N/A
53
Medical
Undergraduate 1
10/23/2012

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Term
diaphysis
Definition
the long, narrow shaft of long bones
Term
proximal epiphysis
Definition
the end of a long bone that is closer to the core of the body
Term
distal epiphysis
Definition
the end of a long bone that is farther from the core of the body
Term
articular cartilage
Definition
smooth layer of hyaline cartilage that protects bone surfaces in freely moveable bones
Term
space containing red marrow
Definition
spongy bone at the ends of long bones and at the center of other bones
Term
yellow marrow
Definition
found chiefly in central cavities of the long bones; composed largely of fat; in the medullary cavity
Term
spongy bone
Definition
also known at cancellous bone' has more spaces than compact bone; made of a meshwork of small, bony plates filled with red marrow; found in ends of long bones and lines medullary cavity
Term
compact bone
Definition
hard and dense bone; makes up the main shaft of long bones and outer layer of other bones; cells form in rings of bone tissue around central canal
Term
epiphyseal plates
Definition
also known as growth plates; secondary bone-forming centers, develop across the ends of bones; they cause growth lines
Term
periosteum
Definition
cover the outside of the bone, except at the joint region; contain osteoblasts that aid in healing and formation of bone
Term
endosteum
Definition
lines the bone's marrow cavity; thinner; also contains cells that aid in growth and repair
Term
medullary cavity
Definition
at the center of the diaphysis; contains bone marrow
Term
greenstick fracture
Definition
one side of the bone is broken and the other is bent; most common in children
Term
impacted fracture
Definition
the broken ends of the bone are jammed into eachother
Term
comminuted fracture
Definition
there is more than one fracture line and the bone is splintered or crushed
Term
spiral fracture
Definition
the bone has been twisted apart; relatively common in skiing accidents
Term
transverse fracture
Definition
the fracture goes straight across the bone
Term
oblique transverse
Definition
the break occurs at an angle across the bone
Term
open fracture
Definition
a broken bone protrudes through the skin or an external wound leads to a broken bone
Term
closed fracture
Definition
a simple bone fracture with no open wound
Term
Which type of break is most serious? Why?
Definition
open, because it makes for a greater risk of infection
Term
Osteoporosis
Definition
loss of bone mass due to imbalance in bone remodeling. Bone appears porous.
Term
Osteomalacia
Definition
softening of the bone due to lack of vitamin D or vitamin D metabolism.
Term
osteosarcoma
Definition
bone tumor; usually forms during adolescence
Term
osteomyelitis
Definition
Inflammation of the bone caused by pyogenic bacteria (infection)
Term
kyphosis
Definition
hunchback; exaggeration of the thoracic curve
Term
lordosis
Definition
swayback; excessive lumbar curve
Term
scoliosis
Definition
lateral curvature of the vertebral column
Term
chondrosarcoma
Definition
formed from transformed cartilage cells associated with bone (cartilage tumor)
Term
flat foot
Definition
failure of the arch of the foot to form correctly
Term
cleft palate
Definition
incomplete fusion of hard palate; a congenital deformity in which there is an opening in the roof of the mouth; because of faulty maxillary bones
Term
List four of the major functions of bone
Definition
Act as a framework for the body
protect delicate structures
works as levers to produce movement
store calcium
produce blood cells
Term
tendon
Definition
a band of connective tissue that attaches a muscle to a bone
Term
ligament
Definition
bands of fibrous connective tissue that hold together the bones in freely movable joints
Term
osteocyte
Definition
mature bone cells surrounded by bony matrix
Term
osteoblast
Definition
deposit bone; builds bones
Term
osteoclast
Definition
reabsorb bone tissues; multinucleated
Term
osteon
Definition
each ringlike unit with it's central canal (haversian system)
Term
ossification
Definition
conversion of cartilage to bone
Term
chondrocyte
Definition
cartilage cells
Term
arthrocentesis
Definition
joint aspiration
Term
arthroplasty
Definition
procedure to repair/replace a dysfunctional joint surface
Term
fontanel
Definition
bone formation that's incomplete, leaving membranous soft spots; on a baby's head
Term
sinuses
Definition
a cavity or hollow space; most commonly air filled region in the skull
Term
axial skeleton
Definition
80 bones of the head and trunk
Term
appendicular skeleton
Definition
126 bones of the extremities
Term
When blood calcium rises, the ________ gland relases ________ (hormone) which stimulates __________ (cells) to __________ bone.
Definition
thyroid, calcetonin, osteoblasts, deposit
Term
When blood calcium decreases, the _________ gland releases __________ (hormone) which stimulates ___________ (cells) to ___________ bone.
Definition
parathyroid, parathyroid hormone, osteoclasts, reabsorb
Term
Explain in your own words how blood calcium is maintained; Why is calcium so important?
Definition
When the calcium increases or decreases, the proper gland (either thyroid or parathyroid) secretes the correct hormone (calcetonin or parathyroid hormone). This hormone will then activate the proper type of cell (osteoblasts or osteoclasts) to either deposit or reabsorb the bone. The calcium amount will balance out and the cycle will continue. It's important because calcium is required for so many normal body functions.
Term
What occurs at the epiphyseal plates? Explain. Why is it a concern if a bone is broken in that area? What is a term commonly used to describe these regions?
Definition
Bone forms at these plates; The bone continues to grow in length at these centers by calcificaion of new cartilage; Eventually, each plate hardens, and leaves a line that can be seen on an xray. It's a concern if it breaks there because it can cause improper growth of the bone; Another name is growth plates
Term
List three means by which a person can try to maintain bone health.
Definition
Exercise, nutrition and calcium, vitamins, cut out harmful substances
Term
What is meant by "bone remodeling"?
Definition
The bones in a normal healthy adult are continually renewing and remodeling themselves, allowing them to stay strong.
Term
Why is it unlikely that a newborn would break a bone?
Definition
The bone in a baby's body isn't completely formed. It's still cartilagenous and relatively flexible, which makes it very difficult to break.
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