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Human Body A - C
Human Body Glossary Terms A - C
148
Nursing
Professional
07/11/2010

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Cards

Term
adominopelvic cavity
Definition

part of the ventral cavity that lies inferior to the diaphragm

 

includes upper adominal cavity & lower pelvic cavity

Term
abduction
Definition

movement of a body part away from the midline

Term
absorbtion
Definition

taking in of substances by cells or membranes

 

more specifically, reffering to the movement tof digested food from the digestive tract into the blood

Term
accommodation
Definition

adjustment of the lens for near vision

Term
acetylcholine
Definition

neurotransmitter that is secreted from the nerve terminals of cholinergic fibers

Term
acid
Definition

substance that denotes or releases hydrogen ions when it ionizes in water

Term
acidosis
Definition

imbalance caused be excess H+ which causes the blood pH to decrease below 7.35

 

there is respiratory acidosis & metabolic acidosis

Term
actin
Definition

one of the contractile proteins in muscle

 

also called thin filaments

Term
action potential
Definition

sequence of changes in the membrane potential that occurs when a cell is stimulated to threshold

 

it includes depolarization & repolarization

 

also called the nerve impulse & the cardiac impulse

Term
active immunity
Definition

immunity achieved when the body makes antibodies against an atigen

Term
active transport
Definition

transport process that requires an input of energy (ATP) to move a substance from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration

Term
adaptation
Definition

adjustment to a stimulus, such as adaptation to an odor

Term
adduction
Definition

movement of a body part toward the midline of the body

Term
adenohypophysis
Definition

anterior pituitary gland

Term

adenosine triphosphate

ATP

Definition

energy-storing & energy-transferring molecule found in all cells

Term
adipose tissue
Definition

a type of connective tissue that stores fat

Term
adreanal gland
Definition

endocrine gland that consists of an outer cortex & inner medulla

 

The cortex secretes steroids & the medulla secretes catecholamines.

Term
adrenergic fiber
Definition

a neuron that secretes norepinephrine (nonadrinaline) as its neurotransmitter

Term
aerobic catabolism
Definition

chemical reactions that breakdown complex substances into simpler substances in the presence of oxygen

Term
aerobic metabolism
Definition

chemical reactions that require oxygen

 

includes aerobic anabolism & catabolism

Term
afferent neuron
Definition

carrying toward a center

 

ex: afferent nerves carrying information toward the central nervous system

Term
afterload
Definition

the force against which the heart contracts

 

ex: the aortic blood pressure

Term
agglutination
Definition

clumping of cells in response to an antigen-antibody reaction

Term
albumin
Definition

plasma protein that helps regulate plasma osmotic pressure, thereby "holding" water within the blood vessels

 

responsible for the ionic pressure

Term
aldosterone
Definition

mineralocorticoid (steroid) secreted by the adrenal cortex

 

stimulates the kidney to reabsorb sodium & water & to excrete potassium

Term
alkalosis
Definition

imbalance associated with a decrease in H+ concentration & an increase in blood pH >7.45

 

There is a respiratory alkalosis & metabolic alkalosis

Term
allergen
Definition

foreign substance or antigen that stimualtes an allergic reaction

Term
alveolus
Definition

tiny grapelike sac in the lungs

 

the site of gas exchange (oxygen & Carbon dioxide) between the air & te blood

Term
amino acids
Definition

small nitrogen-containing organic compounds

 

the building blocks of protein

Term
amnion
Definition

extraembryonic membrane that surrounds the fetus & contains amniotic fluid

Term
amylase
Definition

enzyme that digests carbohydrates

Term
anabolism
Definition

metabolic reactions that build complex substances from simpler substances

Term

anaerobic catabolism

Definition

chemical reactions that breakdown complex substances into simpler substances, without the presence of oxygen

Term
anaerobic metabolism
Definition

chemical reactions that do not require oxygen

Term
anastomosis
Definition

a connection between two tubular structures

Term
anatomical position
Definition

position of the body

 

the body is standing erect with the face forward & the arms at the side (palms & toes face in a forward direction)

Term
anatomy
Definition

study of the structure of the body

Term
anemia
Definition

condition characterized by abnormally low amounts of hemaglobin or low numbers of reb blood cells

Term
angiotensin
Definition

blood pressure-elevating hormone produced by the action of renin on angiotensinogen

Term
anion
Definition

negatively charged ion

Term
antagonist
Definition

a muscle that opposes another muscle

Term
antibody
Definition

substance that reacts with a specific antigen

Term
antibody-mediated immunity
Definition

a type of immunity engaged in by the B lymphocyte

 

The B cell secretes antibodies that attack the antigen

 

also called humoral immunity

Term

antidiurectic hormone

ADH

Definition

posterior pituitary hormone that stimulates the collecting duct in the kidney to reabsorb water & decrease urinary output

Term
antigen
Definition

foreign substance that stimulates the production of antibodies

Term
aorta
Definition

large artery that conducts blood from the left vetricle of the heart

Term
apocrine gland
Definition

one of the sudoriferous (sweat) glands

Term
aponeurosis
Definition

broad, flat sheet of fibrous connective tissue that connects muscle to another structure

Term
appendicular skeleton
Definition

part of the skeleton that includes the bones of the upper extremities, the lower extremities, the pelvic girdle, & the pectoral girdle

Term
appendix
Definition

worm-shaped outpouching of the wall of the cecum

Term
areolar tissue
Definition

loose connective tissue

Term
arteriole
Definition

small artery that is composed largely of smooth muscle & is found between the larger artery & the capillaries

 

also called ressistance vessel

Term
artery
Definition

blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart

Term
articulation
Definition

joining of structures at a joint

Term
artificially aquired immunity
Definition

immunity that is aquired through the use of such agents as vaccines, toxoids, & immunoglobulins

Term
atom
Definition

fundamental unit of an element

 

the smallest part of the element that has the charateristics of that element

Term

atrium

atria (plural)

Definition

upper chamber of the heart that receives blood from veins

Term
ATP
Definition

adenosine triphosphate

Term
atrophy
Definition

a wasting or decreasing in the size of an organ or tissue, usually referring to a muscle

Term
autoimmunity
Definition

immunity against one's own tissue

Term
autonomic nervous system
Definition

involuntary or automatic nervous system that controls the organs, glands, cardiac muscle, & smooth muscle

 

two divisions, sympathetic & parasympathetic nervous systems

Term
axial skeleton
Definition

the part of the skeleton that includes the skull, vertebral column, ribs, & sternum

Term
axon
Definition

elongated part of the neuron that conducts nerve impulses away from the cell body.

Term
bacteria
Definition

single-cell organisms that are classified as cocci, bacilli, & curved rods

Term
barorecptor
Definition

receptor that detects or senses changes in blood pressure

 

located in the carotid sinus & aortic arch

Term
barorecptor reflex
Definition

an automatic reflex that responds to a sudden change in blood pressure

Term

Basal Metabolic Rate

BMR

Definition

the rate at which cells metabolize (use oxygen) in a resting state

Term
base
Definition

substances such as hydroxyl ion (OH-) that combines with hydrogen ion (H+)

Term
base-pairing
Definition

pairing of the bases of the nucleotides

 

adenine & thymine (DNA), guanine & cytosine (DNA & RNA), & adenine & uracil (RNA)

Term
base-sequencing
Definition

sequence or arrangement of the bases in a strand of DNA or RNA

Term
basophil
Definition

type of granular luekocyte

 

stains blue

Term
B cell
Definition

B lymphocyte

 

secretes antibodies

Term
belly
Definition

the thick part of a skeletal muscle between its origin & insertion

Term
beta-adrenergic receptor
Definition

a type of recptor that is activated by norepinephrine

Term
bicuspid valve
Definition

the artioventricular valve between the left atrium & the left ventricle

 

also called the mitral valve

Term
bile
Definition

a digestive aid secreted by the liver

 

it emulsifies fats

Term
biliary tree
Definition

arrangement of ducts that transports bile from the liver to the gallbladder & duodeum

 

includes hepatic ducts, cystic ducts, & common bile duct

Term
bilirubin
Definition

pigment produced from the breakdown of hemoglobin & secreted into the bile

 

an accumulation of "this" in the skin caused jaundice

Term
blastocyte
Definition

early preembryonic clusters of cells with a hollow interior

Term

blood pressure

BP

Definition

the force that the blood exerts against the vessel wall

Term
Bowman's capsule
Definition

C-shaped tubular structure that partially surrounds the glomerulus

 

Water & disolved substances are filtered from the glomerulus into "this"

Term
brain stem
Definition

lower part of the brain that connects the brain with the spinal cord

 

consists of the midbrains, pons, & medulla oblongata

Term
breast
Definition

elevation on the anterior chest that contains mammary glands

Term
bronchioles
Definition

small airway tubes in the respiratory tract

 

composed largely of smooth muscle 

Term

bronchus

brochi (plural)

Definition

large airway in the lungs that connects the trachea & the brochioles

 

there is a left & a right brochus

Term
buffer
Definition

substance that resists changes in pH

 

"This" can either remove or add H+ thereby agjusting the pH

Term
calyces
Definition

cuplike structures that collect urine from the collecting ducts of the nephron units

Term
capacitance
Definition

storage vessels for blood

 

refers to veins

Term
capillary
Definition

smallest & most numerous of the blood vessels

 

site of exchange of nutrients & waste btween the blood & the tissue fluid

Term
carbaminohemaglobin
Definition

hemaglobin that combines with carbon dioxide

Term
carbohydrates
Definition

types of organic compounds including simple sugars, starch, & glycogen

 

primary source of energy

Term

carbon dioxide

(CO2)

Definition

the waste product of cellular metabolism

Term
cardiac conduction system
Definition

cardiac cells that have specialized to create & conduct the cardiac action potential

 

includes the SA node, AV node, & the His-Purkinje system

Term
cardiac cycle
Definition

events that occur in the heart during one heartbeat

Term
cardiac muscle
Definition

type of muscle found in the heart

 

the myocardium

Term
cardiac output
Definition

amount of blood pumped by the heart in one minute

 

about 5000ml per minute

Term
cardiac reserve
Definition

the potential increase in cardiac output above cardiac resting output

Term
cardiology
Definition

the study of the heart

Term
carrier
Definition

a living organism that harbors a pathogen & acts as a source of infection

Term
catabolism
Definition

metabolic breakdown of complex molecules into simpler molecules

 

the breakdown is accompanied by the release of energy

Term
catalyst
Definition

any substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction

Term
catecholamine
Definition

classification of hormones that is secreted by the adrenal medulla

 

includes epinephrine & norepinephrine

Term
cation
Definition

positively charged ion

Term
cecum
Definition

part of the large intestine that connects the ileum of the small intestine & the ascending colon of the large intestine

Term
cell
Definition

basic unit of life

 

the structural & functional unit of a living organism

Term
cell cycle
Definition

the phases a cell goes through as it divides

Term
cell-mediated immunity
Definition

type of immunity engaged by the T cell

 

cell-to-cell combat

Term
cell membrane
Definition

membrane that surrounds the cell & regulaes what enters & leaves the cell

 

also called the plasma membrane

Term
cerebellum
Definition

part of the brain that is located under the cerebrum

 

it coordinates skeletal muscle activity

Term
cerebrospinal fluid
Definition

cushioning fluid that circulates within the subarachnoid space around the brain & spinal cord

Term
cerebrum
Definition

largest & uppermost part of the brain, it is divided into two hemispheres

 

there are 4 lobes: frontal, parietal, temporal, & occipital

Term
ceruminous gland
Definition

modified sweat gland found in the external ear canal

 

it secretes cerumen, or earwax

Term
cervix
Definition

constricted portion of an organ, usually refering to the lower portion of the uterus

Term
chemoreceptor
Definition

receptors that detects changes in the chemical composition of a substance

Term
cholinergenic fiber
Definition

a neutron that secretes acetycholine (ACh) as its neurotransmitter

Term
chodrocyte
Definition

a cartilage-forming cell

Term
chordea tendineae
Definition

tough fiborous bands of connective tissue that attach the cuspid valves to the walls of the ventricles of the heart

Term
chorion
Definition

the outermost extraembryonic membrane surrounding the fetus

 

it helps form the placenta

Term
chromosome
Definition

coiled, threadlike structures that contain segments of DNA called genes

Term
chronotropic effect
Definition

a change in heart rate (HR)

 

A (+) "one" is an increase in HR, while a (-) "one" is a decrease in HR 

Term
chyle
Definition

milky fluid found in the lacteals of the villi

 

consists of emulsified fats & lymph

Term
chyme
Definition

paste like mixture of partially digested food, water, & digestive enzymes that is formed in the stomach

Term

cilia

cilium (singular)

Definition

hairlike processes on the surface of many cells

Term
clone
Definition

a group of cells that come from a single cell & are therefore genetically identical

Term
coagulation
Definition

clotting of blood

Term
cochlea
Definition

part of the inner ear that contains the organ of corti, the recptors for hearing

Term
collecting duct
Definition

the nephron structure that receives urine from the distal tubule & delivers it to the renal pelvis

Term
colon
Definition

major portion of the large intestine that extends from the cecum to the rectum

Term
colmnar epithelium
Definition

type of epithelium that has column-shaped cells

Term
communicable disease
Definition

a disease that can spread from one host to another

Term
complement proteins
Definition

group of proteins in the blood that are concerned with phagocytosis

Term
compound
Definition

substance composed of two or more chemical elements

 

ex: wather (H2O)

Term
conductunance vessels
Definition

blood vessels that are primarily concerned with carrying blood to smaller blood vessels

 

the functional name for arteries

Term
conduction
Definition

loss of heat energy as it is transferred from the warm body to a cooler object such as a cooling blanket

Term
congenital
Definition

present at birth

Term
connective tissue
Definition

one of the 4 basic types of tissues that generally holds & supports body structures

Term
contracture
Definition

an abnormal formation of fibrous tissue within a muscle, causing it to freeze in a flexed position

Term
convection
Definition

loss of heat energy to the surrounding cooler air

 

The layer of heated air is constantly being removed by a fan (or breeze) & replaced by cooler air.

Term
cornea
Definition

clear portion of the sclera that covers the anterior portion of the eye

Term
corpus luteum
Definition

yellow body formed from the ovarian follicle after ovulation

 

it secretes large amounts of pogesterone & smaller amounts of estergen

Term
covalent bond
Definition

bond or attraction formed by the sharing of electrons between atoms

Term
cranial cavity
Definition

part of the dorsal cavity that contains the brain

Term
cranial nerves
Definition

the 12 pairs of nerves that emerge from the brain

Term
cranialsacral outflow
Definition

parasympathetic activity

Term
creatinine
Definition

a waste product that was secreted by the kidneys

Term
cuboidal epithelium
Definition

a type of epithelium that has cells shaped like cubes

Term
cutaneous membrane
Definition
skin
Term
cytoplasm
Definition

gel-like substance surrounded by the cell membranebut outside the nucleus

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