Term
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Definition
-The maintenance of a stable internal environment
- most of the time controlled by negative feedback process |
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Term
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Definition
-Fatty material covering the axons of neurons
-functions: insulation and protection of the axons
- In the PNS cells called Schwann cells form the myelin sheath by wrapping around the axon many times |
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Term
| Neuron- Nerve cell- nerve fiber( if long) |
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Definition
- Highly specialized cells that conduct messages (nerve impulses)-
- Long life, most last a lifetime
- are amniotic (not able divide during mitosis)
- high metabolic rate
- complex and varied structures |
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Term
| Supporting cell or neuroglia |
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Definition
- Cells found in nervous system; don’t conduct impulses
- several kinds; most support or protect neurons in some way
- some functions: binding neurons in place, repairing injured cells, removal of pathogens, form myelin sheath |
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Term
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Definition
| - send impulses to the spinal cord and the brain |
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Term
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Definition
| - Carry impulses from the brain and spinal cord out to the effector organs (muscles and glands) |
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Term
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Definition
- Relay information in the CNS /are used primarily in reflex’s (only in CNS)
( make the executive decision for the body before notifying the brain.) |
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Term
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Definition
| -act as chemical messengers at the synapse |
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Term
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Definition
– involve very complex sensory structures
-Vision, hearing, equilibrium, taste, and smell |
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Term
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Definition
– involve simple receptor structures in our skin, muscles, or organs
-Pressure, heat, cold, pain, and touch |
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Term
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Definition
- Begins when ion channels are opened when chemicals bind to receptors on the surface of special chemosensory cells.
-Smell and taste rely on this chemoreception. |
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Term
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Definition
-Chemical messengers
-They are produced by glands and released into the blood
-They play an important role in maintaining homeostasis |
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Term
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Definition
-Cells – basic living units
-Tissue – made up of similar cells that perform a certain function
-Organ – made up of multiple tissues combined to perform a certain function
-Organ System – made up of multiple organs which work together to carry out a certain function
-Organism- The human body has 10 major organ systems |
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Term
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Definition
•Composed of bone, cartilage and ligaments
•Provides basic framework of the body |
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Term
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Definition
•Composed of muscles and tendons
•Provides body movements, both voluntary and involuntary |
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Term
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Definition
•Includes: heart and blood vessels
•Transports nutrients, oxygen, and others throughout body
•Lymphatic system helps process |
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Term
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Definition
•Includes: esophagus, stomach, intestines
•Processes food and converts it to useable substances |
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Term
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Definition
• Includes: trachea, lungs
• Provides passageway for air and gas exchange |
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Term
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Definition
• Skin
• Protects internal systems |
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Term
| -Urinary System/Excretory System |
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Definition
•Includes: kidneys, bladder, and ducts
•Rids body of wastes |
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Term
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Definition
• Includes: brain, spinal cord
• Controls and coordinates body |
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Term
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Definition
• Includes glands like: thyroid and pituitary
•Regulates the body’s activities |
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Term
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Definition
•Includes internal and external sex organs like ovaries and testes
•Main function is the production of offspring |
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Term
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Definition
| —reasoning, control of voluntary movement, speech |
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Term
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Definition
| —temperature, touch, taste, and pain |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| —sound, language comprehension |
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Term
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Definition
| * Receives information from many parts of the brain, sorts it, and passes important data on to the cerebral cortex |
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Term
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Definition
•Emotions, such as pleasure and rage
•Bodily drives, such as hunger, thirst, sex drive
•Body temperature and blood pressure
•Internal clock
•Release of hormones |
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Term
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Definition
| • Controls involuntary activities such as heartbeat, respiration, and digestion |
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Term
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Definition
| •Controls balance, posture, coordination, and fine motor control |
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Term
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Definition
* Cell body
* Cell proccesses
* Dendrites
* Axons |
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Term
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Definition
| – the larger, globular portion that contains the nucleus-(also called Soma) |
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Term
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Definition
| – one or more skinny projections, sometimes very long |
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Term
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Definition
– smaller and highly branched
-They conduct impulses to the cell body |
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Term
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Definition
– longer and not usually branched
- They conduct impulses away from the cell body |
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Term
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Definition
| fight-or-flight response (very little control) |
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Term
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Definition
| operates in times of relaxation |
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Term
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Definition
- Promotes growth
- Affects body tissues by increasing protein synthesis
- Too much = hypersecretion gigantism
- Too little = hyposecretion dwarfism |
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Term
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Definition
| - Stimulates the production of milk in women |
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Term
| Follicle-stimulating hormone- |
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Definition
| Stimulates the development of eggs and sperm cells |
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Term
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Definition
- Causes contractions of the uterus during childbirth
-Causes ejection of milk from the breast |
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Term
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Definition
- Major metabolic hormones
-Increase protein and glucose metabolism |
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Term
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Definition
-released in response to the sympathetic nervous system from the adrenal gland
- also called adrenaline |
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Term
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Definition
-Produced by the pancreus
-Aids in transport of glucose from outside cells to inside cells where it can be used for energy
-decreases blood sugar levels |
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Term
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Definition
- produced in the pineal gland
- Mainly produced during dark periods of the day
- Influences the regulation of sleep-wake cycles |
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Term
| Female reproductive: egg develops in |
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Definition
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Term
| female reproduction: fertilization occurs |
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Definition
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Term
| female reproductive: fertilized egg implants in |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| made in testes which is located in the scrotum |
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Term
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Definition
| completed in the epididymis |
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Term
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Definition
-Consists of bones and cartilage
-Includes 206 bones
-Protects the body
-Supports and moves the body
-Produces red and white blood cells in the bone marrow |
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Term
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Definition
| Carry blood away from the heart |
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Term
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Definition
| Carry blood toward the heart |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Location for exchange between blood and tissues |
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Term
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Definition
| –covers opening to larynx when swallowing to prevent food from entering |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| where gas exchange occurs in lungs |
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Term
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Definition
| each is enmeshed with a net of capillaries |
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Term
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Definition
| tiny air sacs where gas is exchanged by diffusion |
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Term
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Definition
| – movement of air into the lungs |
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Term
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Definition
| Diaphragm contracts to increase the size of the cavity and air rushes in due to pressure differences |
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Term
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Definition
| – movement of air out of lungs |
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Term
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Definition
| ease with which lungs and thorax can be expanded |
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Term
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Definition
| Portion of food being moved into esophagus |
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Term
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Definition
| Semi-liquid mixture of gastric juices and food |
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Term
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Definition
| Process that helps to confine and get rid of any infection or irritation |
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Term
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Definition
-Produced by cell infected with a virus
-interferes with the multiplication of more viruses |
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Term
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Definition
| Any foreign substance that enters the body and causes an immune response |
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Term
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Definition
| – proteins that bind to antigens and cause their destruction |
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Term
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Definition
| disease-causing organisms |
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Term
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Definition
1. transportation
2. regulation
3. protection |
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Term
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Definition
| Oxygen which enters blood in the lungs and is then transported to all tissues in the body |
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Term
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Definition
| Carbon dioxide from cells in tissue to lungs where it is released when we breath out |
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Term
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Definition
| Nutrients from our digestive system to all other tissues in the body |
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Term
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Definition
| Wastes (water, acids, electrolytes, carbon dioxide) to where they are to be released |
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Term
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Definition
| Hormones from their sites of origin to other areas of the body |
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Term
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Definition
| pH – Buffers in the blood regulate the pH of the fluid, keeping it at about 7.4 |
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Term
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Definition
| The amount of fluid in the tissues by controlling osmotic pressure |
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Term
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Definition
| Body temperature by controlling the transportation of heat that is generated in our muscles |
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Term
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Definition
| Carrying immune system cells and antibodies |
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Term
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Definition
| Carrying substances that help protect against blood loss due to injury |
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| formed elements- cell and cell fragments |
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Term
| formed elements-Erythrocytes – |
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Definition
- red blood cells
-Transport oxygen |
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Term
| formed element- Leukocytes – |
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Definition
-white blood cells
-Fight infection |
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Term
| formed elements-Platelets – |
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Definition
-thrombocytes
-Cell fragments that play role in blood clotting |
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Term
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Definition
-Contain a protein called hemoglobin
-It carries the oxygen |
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Term
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Definition
Live about 4 months
Every second, 2 million are being taken out of circulation and 2 million new cells are released |
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Term
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Definition
-Part of the immune system
-6 types of cells |
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Term
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Definition
| When tissues are damaged, platelets attach to damaged blood vessels and also release clotting factors |
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Term
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Definition
| Filter, warm and moisten air entering system |
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Term
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Definition
| Tube that carries air to the respiratory tract and food to the digestive tract |
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Term
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Definition
| Contains C-shaped cartilage rings to keep passageway open |
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Term
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Definition
| Conducts air between the larynx and the lungs |
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Term
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Definition
| Branches of the trachea that lead to each lung and then subdivide |
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Term
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Definition
Primary bronchi
Secondary bronchi
Bronchioles – smallest branches |
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Term
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Definition
| the continuous passageway beginning at the mouth and ending at the anus |
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Term
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Definition
| – organs necessary for digestion but not directly part of digestive tract |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
Mouth – Oral Cavity
Functions: |
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Definition
| Receives food (ingestion) |
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Term
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Definition
| Prepare food for digestion (mastication) |
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Term
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Definition
| Begin digestion of starch with enzyme in saliva |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Moves portion of food (bolus) into esophagus by reflex swallowing |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Breakdown of food by churning |
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Term
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Definition
Produces gastric juice, which contains:
Enzyme pepsin – breaks down protein
Hydrocloric Acid (HCl) – softens connective tissue in food, destroys pathogens, activates pepsin |
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Term
Small Intestine
Functions: |
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Definition
| Chemical digestion of food |
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Term
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Definition
| Absorption of food through villi (small projections of intestinal lining) |
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Term
| small intestine divisions |
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Definition
| Divisions – duodenum, jejunum, ileum |
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Term
Large Intestine
Functions: |
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Definition
| Storage and elimination of waste (defecation) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Absorption of some vitamins and minerals |
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Term
| large intestine divisions |
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Definition
Divisions:
Cecum
Colon
Rectum
Anal Canal |
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Term
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Definition
| Storage of glucose (as glycogen) |
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Term
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Definition
| Formation of blood plasma proteins |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Detoxification of harmful substances |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Storage of vitamins and iron |
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Term
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Definition
| Storage and release of bile for digestion |
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Term
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Definition
Secrets powerful digestive juice
Includes enzymes that breakdown: fats, proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids |
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Term
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Definition
| Secretes neutralizing fluid |
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Term
| Urinary system main function |
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Definition
| Excretion – removal of and elimination of waste material from blood |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Regulation of red blood cells |
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Term
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Definition
| Releases hormone that stimulates RBC production |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Organs of the urinary system: |
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Definition
Kidneys
Ureters
bladder
Urethra |
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Term
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Definition
| Functional unit of kidney |
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Term
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Definition
| Location of urine formation |
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Term
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Definition
-Bowman’s capsule or Glomerular -capsule – around glomerulus
-Proximal convoluted tubule
-Loop of Henle
-Distal convoluted tubule |
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Term
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Definition
| Defense mechanisms that are effective against any harmful agent that enters the body |
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Term
| Examples of non-specific defenses: |
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Definition
Chemical and mechanical barriers:
Skin
Mucous membranes
Body secretions
Tears, saliva, digestive juices
Reflexes – coughing and sneezing |
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Term
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Definition
| Helper T cells, killer T cells, suppressor T cells, memory T cells |
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Term
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Definition
Make clone cells which make antibodies
Antibodies – proteins that bind to antigens and cause their destruction |
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