Term
| List 8 Endocrine System functions: |
|
Definition
1) Metabolism and Tissue Maturation
2) Ion Regulation
3) Water Balance
4) Immune System Regulation
5) Heart Rate and Blood Pressure Regulation
6) Control of blood glucose and other nutrients
7) Control of reproductive functions
8) Uterine contractions and milk release |
|
|
Term
| Endocrine glands are ________ and Neuroendocrine glands are associated with the ____________. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| In a broad sense, what are 3 groups of intercellular signals? |
|
Definition
1) Most hormones - amino acid based
2) Steroids - cholesterol based
3) Eicosanoids - fatty acid based - Leukotrienes, prostaglandins |
|
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Term
| More specifically, what are the 6 intercellular chemical signals? |
|
Definition
1) Autocrine - secreted by cells in a local area and influences the activity of the same cell type from which it was secreted
2) Paracrine - produced by wide variety of tissues and secreted into tissue spaces
3) Hormone - secreted into the blood by specialized cells
4) Neurohormone - produced by neurons and functions like hormones
5) Neurotransmitter - produced by neurons.
6) Pheromone - modifies physiology and behavior of other individuals. |
|
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Term
| Chemical signals bind to ________ _____ in a ____ and ___ fashion. |
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Definition
receptor sites
lock and key |
|
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Term
| List characteristics of receptors: |
|
Definition
1) Membrane bound - large and water soluble
2) Intracellular - Cytoplasm, nucleus and it is lipid soluble |
|
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Term
| The combination of _____________ chemical _______ and _________ produces a response. |
|
Definition
intercellular chemical signals
receptors |
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Term
| List the 5 general functions of membrane bound receptors and give characteristics so I know what you are talking about. |
|
Definition
1) Alters membrane permeability by opening or closing ion channels
2) Stimulation of second messenger systems - cascade of signals mediate effects in the cell
- water soluble vs. lipid soluble hormones - invovles 1) hormone receptor 2) signal transduced 3) effector enzyme
3) Alters enzyme activity - enzymes promote cell signaling cascade - cGMP, cAMP - often linked to second messenger systems
4) Induced secretion
5) Stimulates Mitosis |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between water-soluble hormones and lipid-soluble hormones? |
|
Definition
-Water soluble hormones act on receptors in the plasma membrane coupled via regulatory molecules called G proteins to one or more intracellular -Second messengers which mediate the target cell's response.
Lipid-soluble hormones act on intracellular receptors, directly activating genes. |
|
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Term
| List the 4 steps in water soluble hormone action: |
|
Definition
Hormone = 1st messenger
1) Hormone binds receptor leads to activation of nearby protein (peripheral protein - Eg., G-protein (can be inhibitory, stimulatory)
2) Enzyme effector is activated, transduces signal - adenylate cyclase
3) Effector creates 2nd messenger to amplify signal
4) 2nd messenger further amplifies signal by triggering cascade of events - eg., protein kinase |
|
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Term
| List the 5 steps of the cyclic AMP second messenger system: |
|
Definition
1)Hormone = 1st messenger binds receptor
2)Hormone-receptor binding leads to G-protein activation
3)G-protein activates adenylate cyclase (effector enzyme)
4)cAMP produced from ATP
5)cAMP diffuses to activate downstream kinase |
|
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Term
| What is Phosphatidyl inosital bisphosphate (PiP2)? and what are its 6 steps? |
|
Definition
A second messenger system
1) Hormone = 1st messenger binds receptor
2) Hormone-receptor binding leads to G-protien activation via GTP activation (GDP released)
3) G-protein activates phospholipase C (effector enzyme)
4) Phospholipase C splits PIP2 to diacylglycerol (DAG) and inositol troposphere (IP3)
5) DAG activates protein kinase C (effector enzyme)
6) Ca2+ becomes a second messenger via calmodulin |
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Term
| List 3 characteristics of lipid soluble hormone action: |
|
Definition
1) Have intracellular receptors (bound by chaperones when not in use)
2) Activated hormone-receptor complex translocates to specified region of DNA
3) mRNA transcript produced |
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Term
| List 5 important things to consider when talking about hormone effect: |
|
Definition
1) Blood levels of hormone
2) Relative number of receptors
3) Affinity between hormone and receptor
4) Half life of the hormone - how quickly metabolized (seconds to hours)
5) Up-regulation (more receptors in response to initial stimulus) and down-regulation of the hormone response (fewer receptors in response to initial stimulus) |
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Term
| What are the four receptor types? |
|
Definition
1) Beta 1 (heart)
2) Beta 2 (lung)
3) Alpha 1
4) Alpha 2 |
|
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Term
| What are the characteristics of each of the receptor types (NE or E)(effector enzyme)(it's job)? |
|
Definition
1) Beta 1 (heart) - NE = E, effector enzyme = adenylate cyclase, Greater Cyclic AMP, Increases Heart Rate
2)Beta 2 (lung) - E >>>> NE, effector enzyme = adenylate cyclase, increase cyclic AMP, increases bronchodilation / vasodilation
3) Alpha 1 - E >+ NE, effector enzyme = phopholipases C, increases calcium, increases vasoconstriction
4) Alpha 2 - E >= NE, effector enzyme = Adenylate cyclase, decreases cyclic AMP, and opposes actions of Beta 1 and Beta 2 receptors |
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Term
| What are the three hormone interactions? Describe them in detail. |
|
Definition
1) Permissiveness - Hormonal effect requires additional hormones (eg., thyroid hormone during Reproduction System Development)
2) Synergism - The sum of the parts > than the whole, amplified hormonal response (eg. Glucagon + epinephrine = > than 150% single hormone release from liver)
3) Antagonism - opposing hormonal actions (eg. Glucagon and Insulin) |
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|
Term
| What other important organ opposes hormonal actions? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| List 4 main characteristics of the endocrine system: |
|
Definition
1) Glands - a) Endocrine - chemical signals in hormonal form, b) Exocrine - secrete to internal/external surface
2) Produce hormones - a)Minute amounts which emphasizes receptors, b)secreted into interstitial spaces, c)enters circulatory system, and d)acts on tissues at another site which demonstrates target side vs. side effect
3) Target Tissue
4) Chemistry - proteins utilize membrane bound receptors
- lipids - a)steroid (cholesterol based) - intracellular membranes, adrenal cortex, testes, ovaries, b)Eicosanoids - derived from arachondonic acid pathway - prostaglandins, leukotrienes, etc. |
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Term
| List the 3 types of endocrine stimuli and their characteristics: |
|
Definition
1) Humoral
a) based on some level in the blood
b) secretion of catacholienes
2) Neural
a) Secretes catacholienes
b) adrenal medulla and posterior pituitary
3) Hormonal
a) The hypothalamus secretes hormone that...
b) stimulates the anterior pituitary gland to secrete hormones that...
c) stimulates other endocrine glands to secretes hormones |
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Term
| Hormone regulation is more often controlled by ________ feed back and more rarely by ________ feedback |
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Definition
| more often controlled by negative feedback and more rarely by positive feedback |
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|
Term
| What are 3 means of hormone regulation?> |
|
Definition
1) Control blood levels (concentration) - humoral
a) Secretion rate, metabolism, excretion
b) Hormone-receptor affinity
2) Secretion rate controlled via other hormones
a) Eg. Pituitary -> H -> testes/ovaries -> H
3) Nervous System Control
a) Nervous system -> epinephrine from adrenal medulla |
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|
Term
| 10 major endocrine organs in the body? |
|
Definition
1) Pineal gland
2) Hypothalamus
3) Pituitary gland
4) Thyroid Gland
5) Parathyroid gland
6) Thymus gland
7) Adrenal gland
8) Pancreas
9) Ovary
10) Teste |
|
|
Term
| List the two major lobes of the pituitary gland and list the hormonal action: |
|
Definition
1) Posterior lobe
a) Neurohypophysis - posterior lobe + infundibulum
b) Neura Hormonal Action (produced in hypothalamus) - Hypothalamic - hyperphysical tract
2) Anterior lobe
a) Adenohypophysis - anterior lobe
b) Hormone hormonal action - 4 of 6 hormones "tropic", reg. other hormones - TSH, LH, FSH, and ACTH |
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Term
| What 2 things is growth hormone stimulated by? IGF's are also called what? List the pathway which growth hormone travels through the body. |
|
Definition
Stimulated by GHRH, and GHIH from the hypothalamus.
IGF's are also called somatomedins
Hypothalamus -> GHRH + and/or GHIH -> Ant. Pit. -> GH -> bone, muscle and etc. and/or Liver -> IGF.
-Metabolic Action of growth hormone |
|
|
Term
| What is the thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) stimulated by? List the pathway in which it travels throughout the body: |
|
Definition
Stimulated by TRH from hypothalamus
-Feedback inhibition from the hypothalamus (TRH) and TSH directly
-Hypothalamus -> TRH+ -> Ant. Pit. -> TSH -> Thyroid -> T3 T4
-Hypothalamus -> GHIH- -> Ant. Pit. -> TSH -> Thyroid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
steroidal or amino acid-based molecules released to the blood that act as chemical messengers to regulate specific body functions
Chemical substances, secreted by cells into the extracellular fluids, that regulate the metabolic function of other cells in the body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A signaling chemical that bind specifically to membrane receptors |
|
|
Term
| What is a structural difference between exocrine glands and endocrine glands? |
|
Definition
Exocrine glands have ducts through which their secretions are carried to a particular site.
Endocrine glands are ductless glands that empty their hormonal products directly into the blood |
|
|
Term
| What is the basic chemical composition of a hormone? |
|
Definition
| Amino acid based (protein), cholesterol, and lipids which are eicosanoid based. |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between a hormone and a neurohormone? |
|
Definition
A hormone is secreted into the blood by specialized cells where it travels some distance to target tissues and influences specific activity.
A Neurohormone is produced by neurons and functions like a hormone. |
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|
Term
| What is the difference between a water soluble hormone and a lipid soluble hormone? |
|
Definition
Water soluble hormones (all amino acid-based hormones except thyroid hormone) act on receptors in the plasma membrane coupled via regulatory molecules called G proteins to one or more intracellular second messengers which mediate the target cell's response
Lipid soluble hormones (steroid and thyroid hormones) act on intracellular receptors, directly activating genes. |
|
|
Term
| Where can receptors be found? How can they interact with hormones? |
|
Definition
Receptors can either be
1)Membrane bound (found in the plasma membrane/water soluble) or
2)Intracellular(cytoplasm, nucleus/lipid soluble)
Receptors interact with hormones depending on the chemical nature of the hormone and the cellular location of the receptor. |
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Term
| So all amino acid-based hormones except thyroid hormone, exert their signaling effects through intracellular ______ _________ generated when a hormone binds to a receptor on the plasma membrane. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 second messenger systems? And explain each of their cascade effects: |
|
Definition
1) Cyclic AMP
a) First messenger binds to its receptor
b) Binds a nearby G protein
c) G protein binds to effector enzyme (adenylate cyclase)
d) Effector enzyme generates the 2nd messenger cAMP
e) Produces cascade effect of protein kinase.
2) PIP2
a) Binding to receptor causes it to change shape
b) Receptor binds the G protein
c) G protein binds phospholipase C d) Phospholipase C splits PIP2 into DAG and IP3
e) DAG activates protein kinase C and IP3 triggers release of Ca2+
f) Ca2+ binds to calmodulin and enzymes are activated. |
|
|
Term
| Because cAMP is rapidly degraded by the intracellular enzyme _________________, its action persists only briefly |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| How does negative and positive feedback with the endocrine system? |
|
Definition
Negative feedback - prolonged exposure to high hormone concentrations desensitizes the target cells, so that they response less vigorously to hormonal stimulation. This down-regulation involves loss of receptors and prevents the target cells from overreacting to persistently high hormone levels.
Positive feedback - When target cells form more receptors in response to rising blood levels of the specific hormones to which they respond, and up-regulation occurs. |
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Term
| List the 4 neuro hormones: |
|
Definition
1) Oxytocin
2) Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
3) Epinephrine
4) Norepinephrine |
|
|
Term
| With regards to hormonal stress response, what mediates short-term response to stress and what controls more prolonged responses? |
|
Definition
The medulla mediates short-term responses to stress by secreting catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine). - increase HR, BP, metabolic rate, dilation of bronchioles, changes in blood flow patterns, liver converts glycogen to glucose.
The cortex controls more prolonged responses by secreting steroid hormones (mineralocorticoids and Glucocorticoids) - retention of sodium and water by kidneys, increased blood volume and blood pressure, increased blood glucose, suppression of immune system, proteins and fats converted to glucose or broken down for energy. |
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Term
| What is the 1)Action 2)Signal modulation 3)Response and 4)Effects for the endocrine system? |
|
Definition
1) Reglates activity
2) Amplitude-modulated
3) Slow
4) Longer duration; more generally distributed |
|
|
Term
| What is the 1)Action 2)Signal modulation 3)Response and 4)Effects for the nervous system? |
|
Definition
1)Regulates activity
2)Frequency-modulated
3)Rapid
4)Shorter duration; more specific in distribution |
|
|
Term
| What are the 6 pituitary hormones and from which lobes do each of them come from? |
|
Definition
1) Anterior lobe (andenohypophysis - hormone hormonal action) - Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), Lutinizing hormone (LH), Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), and Adrenocorticotripic hormone (ACTH)
2)Posterior lobe (Neurohypophysis - neural hormonal action produced in the hypothalamus) - Growth Hormone (GH), and Prolactin (PRL) |
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Term
| What are the 4 "tropic" hormones? What does "tropic" mean? |
|
Definition
1)TSH
2)LH
3)FSH
4)ACTH
"tropic" means using hormones to get more hormones. |
|
|
Term
| The adrenal cortex is where you will find which 3 hormones? |
|
Definition
1) aldosterone
2) cortisol
3) androgens (male sex hormones) |
|
|
Term
| In the medulla you will find which hormones? |
|
Definition
| Catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine) |
|
|
Term
| all adrenal hormones help us with what? |
|
Definition
| they help us cope with stressful situations. |
|
|
Term
| What are the 5 cholesterol/steroid hormones? |
|
Definition
1) Estrogen (androgen)
2) Testosterone (androgen)
3) Cortisol
4) Aldosterone
5) Progesterone |
|
|
Term
| What are the functions and stimulations for catecholamienes? |
|
Definition
| (EPI and Nor EPI) - stimulated by preganglionic fibers of the sympathetic nervous system. Sympathetic nervous system target organs. Increases HR and metabolic rate, increases BP by promoting vasoconstriction. Increase prolonged fight or flight response; hypertension. Decreases the unimportant. |
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|
Term
| Where is the thyroid gland and which hormone/s does it produce? |
|
Definition
| Located in the anterior neck, on the trachea just above the larynx. It produces thyroid hormone (TH) which is two iodine containing amine hormones 1)Thyroxine (T3) and 2)Triiodothyronine (T4) |
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Term
| What does thyroid hormone do? |
|
Definition
| It stimulates enzymes concerned with glucose oxidation. It increases basal metabolic rate and body heat production which is also known as the hormone's calorigenic effect. Also aids in maintaining BP. |
|
|
Term
| What is thyroid hormone stimulated by? |
|
Definition
| Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) |
|
|
Term
| What are 4 possible thyroid hormone related diseases? Explain them: |
|
Definition
1)Mydexema - low metabolic rate, thick dry skin, mental sluggishness, and edema
2)Cretinism - during development, short disproportinate body, tongue, and neck
3)Obesity - rare
cure for these = iodized salts, hormone replacement
4)Grav's disease - elevated metabolic rate, nervousness, weight loss, Exophthalmos (edematous tissue behind eyes, makes eyes bulge out and very swollen) cure =remove thyroid gland |
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Term
| What is a cortisol related diseases? Explain them: |
|
Definition
1) Cushing's disease - hyper secretion of cortisol.
Cause - excess cortisol often excess ACTH, corticosteriod administration
Symptoms: weight gain, moon face, buffalo hump.
Treatment: Surgical removal of adenoma |
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|
Term
| What is an aldosterone related disease? Explain it: |
|
Definition
Addison's disease: hypersecretion of aldosterone
Cause: deficient release of glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, insufficient mineralocorticoids, cortisol (& ACTH)
Symptoms: Fatigue, muscle weakness, weight loss, vomiting, nausea
Treatment: Synthetic glucocortoids
Hypotension also caused by hyper secretion. |
|
|
Term
| What is an androgen related disease? Explain it: |
|
Definition
Adrenogenital syndrome - hypersecretion of androgens
=Masculinization.
Females become more masculine
-Facial hair
-Remodeling of the genitals |
|
|
Term
| What is general adaptation syndrome? |
|
Definition
Define stress - emotional stress translated to physiological stress
-Alarm/reaction stage
-Resistance reaction/stage-broad hormonal response (cortical, catecholamines, etc.)
-Exhaustion Stage |
|
|
Term
| What is diabetes mellitus? |
|
Definition
Diabetes Mellitus - glycosuria - sugar in urine (also makred by low ADH), high urine output, hunger, thirst. Body does not produce insulin.
Caused by either low/absent insulin (type 1) or insulin insensitivity (type 2)
-Leads to preferential use of fat, ketone production (ketoacidosis) |
|
|
Term
| What is diabetes Insipidus? |
|
Definition
| Low ADH, high urine output, intense thirst. Body fails to properly use insulin. Most common |
|
|
Term
| What are some growth hormone related diseases? |
|
Definition
1)Gigantism - hypersecretion of Growth hormone in children. Person becomes abnormally tall.
2)Acromegaly - Enlarged extremities. Overgrowth of bony areas still responsive to GH.
3)Pituitary Dwarfism - GH deficiency in children results in slowed long bone growth. 4 feet tall. |
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|
Term
Glucagon does what?
Insulin does what? |
|
Definition
Glucagon promotes glycogen release into the blood
Insulin promotes glucose storage from the blood and amino acid uptake. |
|
|
Term
| how many lbs of skin are there in an adult? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two primary layers of skin? |
|
Definition
| The epidermis and the dermis |
|
|
Term
| The average adult sheds around how many lbs of dead skin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| List some characteristics of the epidermis: |
|
Definition
1) keratinocytes (continually mitotic)
2) Outer cells dead
3) Epidermis completely replaced in 24-25 days
4) Excess cell and keratin produced at the sites of friction
5) Melanocytes found here - synthesize melanin (pigment) and epidermal dendric cells are found here as well |
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|
Term
| List the 5 layers of the epidermis from the deepest layer outwards. |
|
Definition
1) Stratum Basale (Basal layer, germinating layer) - deepest epidermal layer, youngest cells, continually renewing, wavy baseline, 10-25% melanocytes
2) Stratum Spinosum (prickly layer) - web like intermediate fibers (ie. Pre-keratin filaments), desmosomes, melanin granules
3) Stratum Granulosum (granluar layer) - 3 to 5 layers of flattened cells characterized by keratohylaine granules, lamellated granules
4) Stratum Lucidum (clear layer) - few layers of flat dead keratinocytes, only visible in thick skin (hands and soles of feet)
5)Stratum Corneum (horny layer) - 20-30 layers thick, keratin & thickened plasma membranes protect underlying layers - "beauty is only skin deep" |
|
|
Term
| List and describe the two layers of the dermis: |
|
Definition
1) Papillary layer - areolar connective tissue with collagen, elastin loosely woven consists of
a)dermal papillae (nipples) - contain free nerve endings
b)Meissner's corpicles (touch receptors)
c)Dermal Ridges - palms & soles of feet contain ridges for friction/gripping -> unique finger print
2)Reticular layer - 80% of the dermis thickness. Consists of:
a)Cutaneous plexus (b/t dermis - hypodermis)
b)Interlaced with collagen fiber
c)Tension lines represent areas with less collagen |
|
|
Term
| What are the three pigments that make up skin color? |
|
Definition
1) Melanin - (brown) product of tyrosine metabolism
2) Carotene - (yellow/orange) accumulation in palms/soles
3) Hemoglobin - (pink) impact on skin volor most prominent in Caucasians where epidermis is relatively transparent (consider cyanosis) |
|
|
Term
| Where do the different skin colors come from? |
|
Definition
1) Light skin ancestry from polar extremes
2) Dark skin ancestry from equatorial region
3) Albinism - often a tyrosinase defect |
|
|
Term
| List some details that go into tattoos: |
|
Definition
1) Ink delivered to epi/dermis via needle
2) Inflammation results, eventually flakes away in epidermis, not the dermis where granular tissue is converted to scar/collagen-rich localized to tattooed area
3) Ink then trapped in dermis in fibroblasts - relative permanence |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1) Nails
2) Sweat glands
3) Sebaceous glands
4) Hair, hair follicles |
|
|
Term
| Sweat glands are also know as ____________ glands. What are the two types of sweat glands? |
|
Definition
AKA sudoriferous glands
1) Eccrine (merocrine) glands - most numerous, widely distributed (3 million)
-Sweat hypotonic exocytosis - 99% H2O, NaCl, and pH=4-6
2) Apocrine - larger ducts empty into hair follicles, become active at puberty
-Same constituents as eccrine + oils, proteins
-Initially order less, bacterial activity...
-Ceruminous gland - produce ear wax
-Mammary glands - specialized for milk secretion |
|
|
Term
| What are sebaceous glands? |
|
Definition
A.K.A oil glands, secrete "sebum" - Sebum "condition" skin/hair with low humidity
-Ubiquitous except for palms, soles of feet.
-Holocrine gland - secretion stimulated by androgenic hormones
-Blocked duct = white head - pustules, cysts reflect bacterial infection |
|
|
Term
| What are the 6 function of hair? |
|
Definition
1) cosmetic
2) sense insects
3) prevent head trauma
4) prevent heat loss
5) prevent sun exposure
6) Particulate filter (nose, ears) |
|
|
Term
| Hair is comprised of what? |
|
Definition
| dead keratinized cells which. a hard keratin variety |
|
|
Term
| The gross structure of hair consists of a _____ and a ____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
With the shaft construction, what are the hair characteristics?
1) Flat
2) Oval
3) Round |
|
Definition
1) kinky
2) silky
3) straight/course |
|
|
Term
| List the 3 layers to hair: |
|
Definition
1) medulla large cells (spaces)
2) cortex - bulky flattened layers
3) cuticle - single layer with overlap |
|
|
Term
| 5 dollar word for hairy is what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Talk about the hair follicle structure: |
|
Definition
1) Fold from epidermal layer, 4mm depth
2) Hair follicle receptor (root hair plexus) - surrounds hair bulb, promotes sensation
3) Hair papilla - protrusion of nutrient supplying tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Hair loss, excess DHT promotes
- Products like Minoxidil and finasteride help but life commitment |
|
|
Term
| List the 6 functions of the integumetary system: |
|
Definition
1) Protection - chemical (acid mantle), physical, biological (immune response Langerhans cells)
2) Body temperature regulation - vasoconstriction/dilation
3) Cutaneous sensation - exteroreceptors (meissner corpuscles and merkel disks - light touch; pacinian corpuscles - deep touch
4) Metabolic functions - vitamin D, detox/promote cancer agents, cortisone -> hydrocortisone
5) Blood Reservoir - 5% total blood volume
6) Excretion - nitrogen wastes, sweat |
|
|
Term
| List 2 ways of getting skin cancer? |
|
Definition
1) UV radiation, other environmental irritants, rarely random DNA point mutations - pyrimadine dimmers (p53 - tumor suppressor gene is common target)
2) Sunburned skin - undergoes apoptosis - peeling skin |
|
|
Term
| List the 3 types of skin cancer you can get from sunburned skin: |
|
Definition
1) Basal cell carcinoma - least malignant, most common, involves stratum basale cells
2) Squamous cell carcinoma - involves keratinocytes of stratum spinosum, rapid growth and propensity to metastasize
3) Melanoma - cancerous melanocytes, most dangerous, metatatic, treatment resistant - arrise from pigmented areas, moles -brown/black patch. Most sever, resistant to current medical preventions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Asymmetry (2 sides do not match), Border irregularity (indentations), Color (several), Diameter (>6mm), Elevation (above skin) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1) Heat
2) Electricity
3) radiation
4) chemical |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| dehydration, electrolyte imbalance. Renal complications due to loss of blood bolume, compromised circulation |
|
|
Term
| What are 1st, 2nd, and 3rd degree burns? |
|
Definition
1st - epidermis damaged
2nd - epi/dermis (25%+) damaged
3rd - entire thickness 1q0%+, or face/hands/feet) - most severe |
|
|
Term
| List 3 factors effecting skin aging: |
|
Definition
1) Genetics
2) Smoking/exposure to environmental smoke
3) Sun exposure (UV radiation exposure, sun burn) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Botox is local botulinum toxin injections paralyze facial muscles by inhibiting ACH release by nerve termini. Effects last for 3-6 months
Need: wrinkles produced by repetitive use of facial muscle - chronic furrowing
Side effects: unintended drooping, paralysis |
|
|
Term
White hair means what?
Vellus hair means what?
Terminal hair means what? |
|
Definition
White hair means a decrease in melanin production or air infiltration in the medulla
Vellus hair means fine hair of womens/children
Terminal hair - course, eyebrows, pubic hair. |
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