Term
| List the 4 bone shapes and examples of them: |
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Definition
1) Flat bone - sternum
2) Long bone - humerus
3) Short bone - triquetral (in the hand)
4) Irregular bone - vertebra |
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Term
| List the 5 skeletal system functions: |
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Definition
1) Support
2) Protection
3) Movement
4) Storage
5) Blood cell production |
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Term
| Long bone structure consists of what? |
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Definition
1) Diaphysis - shaft (compact bone)
2) Epiphysis - end of the bone (cancellous bone)
3) Epiphyseal plate - growth plate
4) Epiphyseal line - line where bone stops growing in length |
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Term
| Flat bone structure consists of what? |
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Definition
1) No Diaphysis or Epiphysis
2) Cancellous/spongy between compact bone |
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Term
| Short and Irregular bone consists of what? |
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Definition
1) No Diaphysis
2) Compact bone surrounds cancellous/spongy bone |
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Term
| What is the diaphysis of a bone? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the four bone deriving cell types? |
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Definition
1)Osteogenic (osteoprogenitor)- One of the cell's in the inner layer of the periosteum that forms osseous tissue.
2)Osteoblasts - Building up bone tissue
3)Osteocytes - Form from osteoblasts and aid in the building of bone tissue.
4)Osteoclasts - Break down bone tissue |
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Term
| What are the two types of bone? |
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Definition
1)Compact
2) Spongy (trabecular bone) or (cancellous bone) - oriented along lines of stress |
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Term
| Is bone made up of an organic and an inorganic part? |
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Definition
yes,
- 1/3 Organic - "osteoid" collagen and proteoglycans (brittle)
- 2/3 Inorganic - minerals (Ca2+ phosphates)
-Without collagen, the bone would shatter into pieces and without minerals, the bone would curl up and would be flappy. |
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Term
| List six characteristics of compact bone? |
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Definition
1) Exterior shaft
2) Concentric rings - form around the haversian canals
3) Lamellae (interstitial - around the concentric rings vs. circumferential - around outside of compact bone)
4) Perforating or Volkmann's Canal - horizontal canal
5) Lacunae - where osteocytes are found
6) Canaliculi - used for exchange of nutrients and waste. |
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Term
| How are collagen fibers arranged? What does this arrangement do to the bone? |
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Definition
| They are oblique in different alternating directions which adds a lot of strength |
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Term
| List characteristics of spongy/cancellous/trabecular bone |
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Definition
1) Found primarily in the epiphyses and interior
2) Trabeculae - connecting lattice (oriented along lines of stress) |
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Term
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Definition
| The creation of bone (ossification/calcification) |
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Term
| Explain intramembranous ossification: |
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Definition
-connective tissue
-made from fibrous connective tissue (mesenchymal cells), membrane bone.
-flat bones and clavicle - formed in utero
-"babies soft spot on top of head, bones are fusing together there" |
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Term
| Describe endochondral ossification: |
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Definition
-cartilage
-cartilage replaced by bone
-long bones
-Hyaline cartilage becomes articular cartilage once the bone is formed |
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Term
| List the 4 steps involved in intramembranous ossification: |
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Definition
1)An ossification center appears in the fibrous connective tissue membrane
2)Bone matrix (osteoid) is secreted within the fibrous membrane
3)Woven bone and periosteum are formed
4)Bone collar of compact bone forms and red marrow appears |
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Term
| List the 5 steps which are involved in endochondral ossification: |
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Definition
1)Formation of bone collar around hyaline cartilage model
2)Cavitation of the hyaline cartilage within the cartilage model
3)Invasion of internal cavities by the periosteal bud and spongy bone formation
4)Formation of the medullary cavity as ossification continues
5)Ossification of the epiphysis |
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Term
| What are the 4 steps involved with growth in bone width? |
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Definition
1)Osteoblasts beneath the periosteum lay down bone to form ridges separated by grooves. Blood vessels of the periosteum lie in the grooves
2)The groove is transformed into a tunnel when the bone built on adjacent ridges meet. The periosteum of the groove becomes the endosteum of the tunnel
3)Appositional growth by osteoblasts from the endosteum results in the formation of a new concentric lamella
4)The production of additional concentric lamellae fills in the tunnel and completes the formation of the osteon. |
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Term
| What is pituitary gigantism and acromegaly? |
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Definition
Excessive human growth hormone (hGH) - pituitary
-Pituitary adenoma
-Also tumors of lung, adrenal gland, pancreas (GHRH)
-Surgery, radiation therapy, meds, Against GH and IGF-1
-Other: precocious puberty Marfan syndrome |
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Term
| What is osteogenesis imperfecta? What causes it? What treatments are used for it? |
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Definition
Collagen issues: quality, quantity, or combo
Genetic causes - autosomal dominant, no cure
Treatments - rodding, exercise, physical supports, steroids, avoid nicotine, caffeine, EtOH |
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Term
| If there are rising blood Ca2+ levels, how does the body bring it back to homeostasis? |
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Definition
1) the thyroid is stimulated
2) Decrease in parathyroid hormone and an increase in calcitonin levels secreted.
3)Calcitonin stimulates calcium salt deposit in bone. |
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Term
| If there are falling blood Ca2+ levels, how does the body return to homeostasis? |
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Definition
1)Parathyroid gland releases parathyroid hormone.
2)There is an increase in parathyroid hormone.
3)Osteoclasts degrade bone matrix and release Ca2+ into the blood |
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Term
| An increase in diameter or bone appositional growth is done with the help of what? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is calcitonins primary job? |
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Definition
| It acts to reduce blood calcium (Ca2+), opposing the effects of parathyroid hormone (PTH). |
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Term
| What is the primary job of parathyroid hormone? |
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Definition
| It acts to increase the concentration of calcium (Ca2+) in the blood, |
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Term
| List the 4 steps in bone remodeling: |
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Definition
1)Hematoma formation
2)Fibrocartilaginous formation
3)Bony callus formation
4)Bone remodeling |
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Term
Osteoclasts do what?
Osteoblasts do what? |
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Definition
Osteoclasts break down bone and release Ca2+ into the blood
Osteoblasts remove Ca2+ from the blood and to make bone. |
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Term
| Growth in length of bones is due to what? |
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Definition
| mimics many of the events of endochondraml ossification. The epiphyseal plate cartilage abutting the diaphysis organizes into a pattern that allows fast, efficient growth. |
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Term
| how do the epiphyseal line and the epiphyseal plate relate? |
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Definition
| Between the diaphysis and each epiphysis of an adult long bone is an epiphyseal line, a remnant of teh epiphyseal plate, a disc of hyaline cartilage that grows during childhood to lengthen the bone. |
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Term
| How do nutrients get to the bone? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are some factors that affect bone growth and remodeling? (5) |
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Definition
1) Nutrition
-Minearls
-Vitamin D
-Vitamin C
-Vitamin A
2)Osteomalacia - soft bones insufficient ostioid.
3)Osteoporosis - decrease in bone density
4)Hormones
-Growth hormone
-Thyroid hormone
-Calcitonin
-Parathyroid hormone
-Sex hormones (estrogen and testosterone)
5)Mechanical factors
-Weight bearing exercise, resistance training
-Wolf's law - form follows function |
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Term
| Which hormones affect bone growth? Which ones help with the mechanisms? |
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Definition
Hormones that affect bone growth:
1)Growth Hormone
2)Thyroid Hormone
3)Sex hormones
Hormones that help with the mechanism:
1)Parathyroid hormone - helps increase blood Ca2+ levels
2)Calcitonin - helps decrease blood Ca2+ levels |
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Term
| What are homeostatic imbalances and they occur due to what? |
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Definition
| Fractures and osteoporosis. These happen due to age. |
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Term
| What are some effects of aging on the skeletal system? |
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Definition
1)Bone matrix decreases
2)Bone mass decreases
3)Increased bone fractures
4)Bone loss causes deformity, loss of height, pain, stiffness which results in stooped posture and loss of teeth |
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Term
| How many people in the U.S. have osteoporosis? What are some risk factors? |
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Definition
20 million
-Age
-Race
-Diet
-Medication use
-Smoking
-sedentary lifestyle
-family history
-caffeine intake |
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Term
| What does DEXA stand for? |
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Definition
Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry
-Takes bone mineral density into account
-Bone mineral, fat and lean soft-tissue mass
-Low dose radiaiotn
-Equipment extremely expensive
-10-20 minutes to perform |
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Term
| What are articulations or joints? |
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Definition
1)Place where two or more bones come together
2)Movement varies
3)Movement correlated with the structure |
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Term
| Joints are classified by what to characterisitics? |
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Definition
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Term
| Structurally, what are the three classes of joints? |
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Definition
1)Fibrous - bones are joined by fibrous tissue
2)Cartilaginous - articulating bones are joined by cartilage
3)Synovial - articulating bones are separated by a fluid-containing joint cavity |
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Term
| Functionally, what are the three classes of joints?> |
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Definition
1)Synarthrosis - non-movable
2)Amphiarthrosis - slightly movable
3)Diarthrosis - Freely movable |
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Term
| What are three fibrous joint characteristics? |
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Definition
1)Fibrous connective tissue
2)No joint cavity
3)Synarthroses or amphiarthroses |
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Term
| List the 3 types of fibrous joints: What are their functional classifications? |
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Definition
1)Sutures - "seam", tight fitting connective fibers continuous with periosteum (synarthrosis)
2)Syndesmoses - bones held at distance by ligaments - "give" (synarthrosis)and (amphiarthrosis - slightly movable)
3)Gomphoses - peg in socket, ligaments -nail and bolt. (Teeth) (Synarthrosis-immovable) |
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Term
| Cartilaginous joints consist of what two types of cartilage? |
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Definition
1)Hyaline Cartilage
2)Fibrocartilage |
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Term
| What are the two types of cartilaginous joints? What are their functional classifications? |
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Definition
1)Symphyses - fibrocartilage uniting two bones - intervertebral joints (Amphiarthrosis)
2)Synchondroses - Joined by hyaline cartilage - epiphyseal plates connecting the diaphysis and epiphysis regions in long bones of children. (Synarhrosis) |
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Term
| What are characteristics of synovial joints? |
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Definition
1)Articular (hyaline) cartilage - spongy cushion
2)Joint (synovial) cavity - potential space that contains a small amount of synovial fluid
3)Articular (joint) capsule - encloses the joint cavity
4)Synovial fluid - occupies all free spaces within the joint capsule. Provides a slippery weight0bearing film that reduces FRICTION between the cartilages. Weeping lubrication - lubricates the free surfaces of the carilages and nourishes their cells.
5)Reinforcing ligaments
6)Cushioning fatty pads - help guide movement
7)Articular disc/menisci - improve fit between articulating bone ends, making the joint more stable and minimizing wear and tear on the joint surfaces
8)Nerve endings |
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Term
| What are bursa and tendon sheaths and what do they do? |
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Definition
| They are not strictly part of synovial joints. They reduce friction between adjacent structures during joint activity |
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Term
| What are some factors that influence the stability of synovial joints? |
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Definition
1)Articular surfaces - influence joint movement, not control. Doesn't play a huge role in joint stability. Ball and socket of the hip joint provide the best example.
2)Ligaments - significant stabilizers, >6% stretch leads to failure. Prevent excessive or undesirable motion.
3)Muscle tone - Tendons crossing joint most important stabilizers, low grade contractions needed. Tendons are kept taught due to the tone of their muscles. |
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Term
| What kinds of movements are allowed by synovial joints? |
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Definition
1)Non-axial movement - slipping movements only
2)Uniaxial movement - movement in one plane
3)Biaxial movement - movement in two planes
4)Multiaxial movement - movement in or around all three planes of space and axes. |
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Term
| What are the 6 types of synovial joints? |
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Definition
1)Plane - nonaxial gliding joints - intercarpal intertarsal
2)Pivot - Uniaxial - moving head side to side to indicate no
3)Saddle - dual concave surfaces, biaxial - thumb
4)Hinge - Monoaxial - elbow or knee
5)Ellipsoid - Modified ball and socket, biaxial (wrist)
6)Ball and socket - multiaxial (shoulder and hip joints) |
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Term
| List 6 common joint injuries: |
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Definition
1) Sprain - stretched or torn ligament
2) Cartilage injuries - "loose bodies"
3) Dislocations - bones forced out of alignement
4) Bursitis - inflammation of sheathed tendon
5) Tendonitis - inflammation of sheathed tendon
6) Arthritis - 100+ forms - degradation of cartilage |
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Term
| List the three main types of arthritis: |
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Definition
1) Osteoarthritis - most common, metalloproteinases degrade articular cartilage, bone spurs
2)Rheumatoid - autoimmune disease, inflamed synovial membrane produce pannus
3)Gouty - uric acid accumulation (crystals forming in the joint) |
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Term
| What is a gliding movement? What is it also known as? |
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Definition
| Gliding movements, also known as translation, are the simplest joint movements. One flat, or nearly flat, bone surface glides or slips over another without appreciable angulation or rotation. Intercarpal and intertarsal joints. |
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Term
| List 6 angular movements and explain them: |
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Definition
1)Flexion - bending, decreases the angle of a joint
2)Extension - increases angle of the joint
-Hyperextension - beyond straight/neutral
3)Dorsiflexion/plantar flexion - Dorsiflexion = lifting toes so they point upwards Plantar flexion = depressint the foot (pointing the toes down)
4)Abduction/Adduction - Adduction = moving toward the body or midline
Abduction = moving away from the body or midline
5)Circumduction - moving a limb so that it describes a cone in space (moving a limb in a circular motion)
6)Rotation - the turing of a bone around its own long axis (turning head from side to side "No") |
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Term
| List 5 special movements: |
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Definition
1)Supination/pronation - Supination - turning palm up
Pronation - turning palm down
2)Inversion/eversion - Inversion - sole of foot is medial
Eversion - sole of foot is lateral
3) Protraction/retraction - Protraction - jutted jaw (pushing jaw out)
Retraction - pulling jaw back into the face
4)Elevation/depression - Elevation - lifting a body part up (jaw)
Depression - moving a body part down
5)Opposition - tips of fingers touching |
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Term
| What are three diseases of the spine |
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Definition
1)Scoliousis = crooked
2)Lordosis = concave bend
3)Kyphosis = convex bend |
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Term
| The male skeleton differs from the female skeleton in what 3 ways? |
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Definition
1)Thickness
2)cranial/facial features
3)pelvis |
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