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Definition
| Realism, naturalism, secular teme, social function |
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Definition
| Focus attention on meaning of christianity |
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| Fra Angelico- angel and archs |
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Definition
| depth, natural 3D, trees, greek and roman architecture |
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Definition
| elaborate display of wealth of church, frescoes |
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Definition
| fear has emotion, biblical story with human touch |
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| jesus is not forefront, display social function, contemporary place |
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Definition
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Definition
| Florentine republic, council that made decisions and ruled |
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Definition
| Florentine republic, elected by guild to choose council |
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Definition
| Destroyed republic, taken down by pope, came back into power, promoted the arts, had oligarchy |
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Definition
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Definition
| Pope Sixtus tries to take down the Medici, Lorenzo is excommunicated |
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Definition
Painting with a three part story
Venus in garden with son cupid and husband mercury
Nymph Chloris is carried off and transformed into Flora, two other figures show he before maturity
Medici- gift for marriage, love leads to happy and fruitful marraige |
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Definition
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| Cosimo keeps Plato's work and Lorenzo founds academy and oration of dignity published but panned |
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Definition
Pico
retell relation between God and People
Erases corruption and fall and original sin
Scale of existence, people in middle, have ability to move up or down
We may be what we want
Ascent to God-- sensation, reason, intellect (divine contemplation), Peace with God |
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Definition
| True esoteric meaning of divine law |
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Definition
Gets mad about Florence's decadence, divine retribution, salvation through faith, says Pope is corupt
Suggest republic under religious law |
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Definition
| puts republic back, employs Machiavelli again |
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Term
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Definition
| princep, absolute authority, word is law (inherit, seize or given) |
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Term
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Definition
| free citizens, self-govern, hobbes, machiavelli |
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Term
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Definition
illegitimate, own interests
Hobbes vs Machiavelli
Hobbes does not distinguish |
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Term
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Definition
| Traditional view- rule by god's grace, virtuous, compassionate, faithful pious etc |
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Term
| Machiavelli's view of Prince's role |
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Definition
reject idea that prince is exemplar of morals, no divine right, be practical
Need luck and prowess
Cesare cut a guy in half but people loved him |
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Term
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Definition
| - flexible in face of fortune, has foresight, acts when necessary |
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Definition
| Subdue fortune, like violent river |
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Definition
| won through prowess and fortune, not through killing, betrayal, treachery etc |
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Definition
MAchiavelli emphasized appearance, what the people see you as
matters more than honesty or piety |
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Definition
| Was rejected by fortune, was hated by many, lost power after death of father, lots of prowess!!!! |
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Definition
was able to unite spain
was weak then rose to unite spain, Great compaignes, demonstrations
Unify Aragon and Castille with Isabella |
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Definition
common hatred of muslims, rally against others, jews are expelled
Intended to ensure that the poeple who converted also practiced
root out marranos, expose heresy
Holy War! |
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Term
| Machiavelli complaints about italy |
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Definition
| still have foregin armies |
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Term
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Definition
| Jews badge of shame, blamed for plague, usery |
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Term
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Definition
| those who were converted to christianity |
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Definition
| those who still practiced judaism secretly |
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Term
| Ferdinand- national identity |
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Definition
| Ferdinand appealed to idea of national identity, holy war, idea of pure of blood |
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Term
| Roman Catholic church and new world |
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Definition
Stress conversion
Pope= spiritual and temporal power claim |
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Term
| Reasons columbus set sail |
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Definition
| glory, money and religion |
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Term
| Machiavelli view on spain |
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Definition
| Strengthen state through religion-inquisition, dynastic mariages, and conquests in new world |
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Term
| Columbus' view on natives |
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Definition
| natives are human, very comely, childlike, can be made christians |
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Term
| Vespucci's view on natives |
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Definition
| stresses innocence and naturalness, sees violence and slavery as only outcome |
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Term
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Definition
serfdom
las casas tried to end,
work for protection even though they are already subjects of the corwn |
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Term
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Definition
| Read allowed, compel allegiance, no opportunity for decision, cannot understand |
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Term
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Definition
the natives are allowed to enter war
A just war is in defense not aggression
" if we act unjustly, we violate the principles of natural law, and we should expect divine retribution” |
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Term
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Definition
expulsion of adam and eve
struggles of christianity, animals suggest things gone wrong
hell |
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Term
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Definition
| Paradise, garden of earthly delights, diff color skin, hell- animals possessed |
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Term
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Definition
| famous, versatile, 2-D, sin is dominating feature |
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Term
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Definition
| Durer- commissioned by brothers, brothers on outside, nativity on inside |
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Term
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Definition
| very serious, model of Jesus, identify self with suffering of Christ |
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Term
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Definition
illegitimate son of monk, educated, brought up by bishop
found instruction worthless, travel as teacher |
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Term
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Definition
| Erasmus believed that one can be scholarly and pious but cannot arrive at understanding of god, cannot know everything |
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Term
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Definition
Peace is the natural state
Christ is prince of Peace
No wars on religion, no conversion by sword, peace is worth sacrificing for, kings must be peacemakers |
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Term
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Definition
| son of miner, university, catholic priest but hated corruption |
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Term
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Definition
| hated corruption, hated decor of sistine chapel, beauty in art do not redeem |
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Term
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Definition
| current christians and pope are worst offenders of peace |
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Term
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Definition
| Humans are naturally overwhelmed with sin being good does not suffice, need Jesus |
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Term
| An appeal to the ruling class |
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Definition
Luther
exactly where he thinks the church went down
Perhaps I owe God and the world another act of folly
Rally Charles V to break from pope, tells German princes that they can be independent of pope |
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Term
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Definition
| true faith is given by god |
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Term
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Definition
Luther - preacher ready to fight church
Erasmus- travels, cosmopolitan, outward looking, wants peace |
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Term
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Definition
| in response to indulgences, opposition to catholic doctrine, absolution is granted only by God, the church has no power after death!! |
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Term
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Definition
Appeal to german authority (an appeal to the ruling class)
o attack institutional structure of catholic church
o it had been able to defend its position over everything through 3 walls
First wall: secular given no authority over spiritual
THERE SHOULD BE NO SEPARATE CLASSES, priests are just office bearers
Second wall: no one can intepret
WE ARE ALL PRIESTS
Third wall: only pope can call council
NO SCRIPTURAL AUTHORITY |
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Term
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Definition
| Declare Luther an outlaw and heretic, banning his writings |
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Term
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Definition
| seize luther, has him translate bible to german |
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Term
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Definition
Erasmus- model Christian life centered on peace and charity, defends free choice, can aim for salvation
No need to debate
Freedom of the will makes us responsible for our actions, and liable to divine reward or punishment based how we employ our freedom. The guilt of sin thus falls squarely on human shoulders. |
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Term
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Definition
Certainty is essential for a christian
Man has no free will, is a captive, prisoner
Freedom of the will threatens the omniscience and omnipotence of God. How can we have the freedom to act in a way that is not foreknown and predetermined by God? |
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Term
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Definition
| Human beings can overcome the stain of sin and reach salvation through their own will |
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Term
| Orthdox position on salvation |
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Definition
| can achieve salvation only through grace of god with help of Jesus |
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Term
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Definition
| By faith alone, we come to God by faith not reason, no ability to fathom his omnipotence |
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Term
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Definition
| God's will is revealed in scripture which we understand through faith |
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Term
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Definition
| No human merits salvation, we dont have free choice, cannot earn salvation, Gods grace only |
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Term
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Definition
want to put church and government contrary to Luther's view
attempt to govern wittenburg
reject infant baptism
claim inspiration by holy spirit |
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Term
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Definition
against freedom of the will
for political freedom- worship according to their faith/conscience |
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Term
| The Church of England- created |
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Definition
Act of Succession- Nulls Henrys first marriage
Act of Supremacy- henry is head of church, nullify popes authority
Act of Treason: cannot say king is tyrant or heretic |
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Term
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Definition
Disagrees with Henry's church of england acts
Beheaded for treason |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
She restores Roman Catholicism
Protestants burned at stake, she dies |
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Term
| Elizabeth as ruler of England |
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Definition
| reestablishes Church of England, back and forth, creates conflict |
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Term
| Events leading up to essays |
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Definition
Montaignes close friend, father and brother die
now has responsibility over the lives of others |
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Term
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Definition
Mind bolted off
Pretense on honesty, not all figured out, scattered minded |
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Term
| Montaigne's place in society |
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Definition
| Very respected, two terms as mayor, moderate influence between catholics and protestants |
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Term
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Definition
| To test, examine, or try, he is the subject of his book |
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Term
| What can be known - Montaigne |
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Definition
No one can have a claim to knowledge about God, world, good and evil
o the learned one has the right to tell othors what they ought to believe when it is about math and science… but not religion |
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Term
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Definition
selt knowledge is beginning of all knowledge
mutability and variability will be there
There are no simple certainties
Patterns in life can be discovered
One must accept life, be content |
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Term
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Definition
Tolerance of those difference than ourselves
We are apt to judge barbarous and savage
whatever is different from ourselves |
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Term
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Definition
Nature is the natural order of things, the way things should be, natural law...what makes something natural law, is there a universal principal of right and wrong
Convention- what a society does, custom or law, people act differently without either being wrong
people follow laws but not necessarily believe them to be correct |
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Term
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Definition
Question of identity
Diversity of human life and patterns
both avoid religion? |
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Term
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Definition
| religious practices must be protected by the state, diversity in beliefs, state is umbrella |
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Term
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Definition
Unmarried but brilliantly and ruthlessly controls others
England defeats spanish
"I have the heart and stomach of a queen"
Robert Devereux fails one of her tasks in ireland, he resists the Queen and is beheaded |
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Term
| Kings as Gods (Shakespeare) |
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Definition
| Kings have paternal authority, power over life and death of kids, power to direct all members, |
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Term
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Definition
| Dangerous for authority, share public opinion, subject to censorship, Shakespeare does not challenge status quo |
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Term
| Shakespeare's aims in plays |
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Definition
| Entertainment, address issues, conflict of values, psychological conflict |
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Term
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Definition
| Identity of being a nonsense talker, but actually tell the truth, but appear to be idiots |
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Term
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Definition
| Daughter of LEar, married to albany |
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Term
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Definition
| Married to cornwall, daughter of Lear |
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Term
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Definition
Speaks against Lear and is banished
truth teller |
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Term
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Definition
very solid character but is deceived
Gloucester believes this son is guilty |
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Term
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Definition
| bastard child, very ambitious, cunning, persona non grava |
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Term
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Definition
| tells the truth, Lear realizes his mistake later |
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Term
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Definition
| He finds that he is essentially a human and father and only accidentally a king |
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Term
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Definition
| Lack of knowledge of self, everyone dies, cannot think rationally |
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Term
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Definition
55 concentric circles, earth is center, immobile
beyond this is heavens
outersphere moves other spheres |
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Term
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Definition
Natural motion is up and down
Spheres of give elements
Aether fire air water earth
HEaviness goes toward earth |
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Term
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Definition
Substances are divided into kinds, "species"
Every substance is hylemorphic- matter and form
distinctive properties identify as dog |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Aristotle... four ways to answer why questions
Formal-arrangement of parts
Material- composition
Efficient- means...because someone produced it, because it grew
Final- its design, goal or purpose, reasoning for behavior |
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Term
| Bacon's criticism of Aristotle |
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Definition
Useless for obtaining new knowledge
And there is no evidence for what he does claim |
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Term
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Definition
Scientific Mind- questioning nature, no certainties, just inquiry, there is reason to hope for progress
Experimental Method- bacons true induction, hypothesis test
Mathematization of Nature- this is how you identify properties, not "forms"
Institutionalize- government funding, peer review |
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Term
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Definition
| Things are rising and falling to return to natural place in word |
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Term
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Definition
| way of obtaining new information, abstract new knowledge from certainty |
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Term
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Definition
| Errors common to human nature, biases of judgment, perception |
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Term
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Definition
errors specific to individuals
experience, eduction |
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Term
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Definition
| misleading character of language |
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Term
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Definition
| arise from various dogmas and false laws of demonstration |
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Term
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Definition
sophistical : forms theories from common notions
empirical: complete system from unusual phenomenon, ignore contrary
superstitious: mix philosophy withe theology |
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Term
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Definition
| quantifiable properties, mathematically expressed, precise |
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Term
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Definition
| pendulum motion, inclined plane (acceleration), telescopic observations, terrestial motion (rotation of earth) |
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Term
| Free Fall compared to aristotle |
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Definition
Galileo- all things fall at same rate
Aristotle- heavy fall faster |
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Term
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Definition
| Moon had geological variations just like earth, was not a celestial body |
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Term
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Definition
Based on Aristotle- Geocentric, immobile, celestial bodies have diff properties, circular movement
retrograde planetary motion |
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Term
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Definition
Heliocentric, rotate on axis
celestial bodies had same principles of motion |
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Term
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Definition
| describes motion of the earth |
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Term
| Objection to rotating earth (Tower) |
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Definition
Object location does not change
object released with inertial motion |
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Term
| Galileo's challenge to church |
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Definition
he proved some of copernicus observations
moon is not perfect celestial body
Earth does rotate, and is not center
Went against scripture |
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Term
| Letter to the grand duchess christina |
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Definition
The Bible cannot be used to disprove science
The earth and what it is is independent of salvation and the bible
Both express God's will |
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Term
| Galileo challenges Scripture |
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Definition
says that you should not take scripture literally, use nature to help you understand what the Bible is trying to say
this challenges church's claim to authority |
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Term
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Definition
Galileo
Galileo Assayer
Goes against Aristotle's theory of sense
there is a difference between the primary and real attributes And those that we perceive based on senses |
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Term
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Definition
moving particles and empty space, interactions with the rest of nature, only strive for pleasure, Gods don't care about humans
Justice and Injustice are conventional
same view as Hobbes |
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Term
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Definition
| the only thing real are bodies in motion |
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Term
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Definition
| All knowledge originates in sense perception |
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Term
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Definition
| Speech is used to describe desires and aversion, use of language by convention |
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Term
| Hobbes in terms of reason |
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Definition
| Reason is nothing but adding and subtracting of the consequences of names agreed upon to signify our thoughts |
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Term
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Definition
Two passions : either the appetite of the aversion
good and evil are all just relative |
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Term
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Definition
Hobbes says that you must focus on creating a commonwealth
Machiavalli places focus on what the sovereign must do
Both agree that power is necessary |
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Term
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Definition
| A commonwealth, a multitude of people united in one person |
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Term
| Principle causes of Quarrel |
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Definition
Competition- natural equality of ability
Diffidence - fear of harm
Glory- sense of power |
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Term
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Definition
The laws that are necessary in order to escape / survive
means of self-preservation |
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Term
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Definition
| Everyone is a potential dominator, general inclination, perpetual and restless desire for power after power |
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Term
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Definition
| Modern setting, no emotion, van eyck |
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Term
| The Virgin of the Chancellor Rodin |
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Definition
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Term
| Bethrotal of the arnolfini |
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Definition
| Can see them in the mirror, perspective, author made his mark |
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Term
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Definition
| Struggle to live christin life, struggle to get to where jesus it, transition from paradise to hell |
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Term
| Garden of Earthly delights |
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Definition
the war is a close sphere, unscientific, lots of ethnicities
beastial dominance |
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Term
| Durer is part of reformation |
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Definition
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Term
| Hobbes- rigth and wrong in nature |
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Definition
| without laws, there can be no right and wrong |
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Term
| fundamental law of nature |
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Definition
| Everyone must strive for peace |
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Term
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Definition
| a man must be content with laying down his wright to things so that he can share and then be contented with the same liberties as others |
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Term
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Definition
| Men perform their covenants made, basis for justice |
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Term
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Definition
contract, mutual transferring
covenant- one gives something first and trusts the other to reciprocate later |
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Term
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Definition
Right to defend life, avoid injury and escape imprisonment,
Contracting is voluntary and voluntary actions must be done toward the good |
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Term
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Definition
| We do not convenant with the sovereign. |
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Term
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Definition
| subjects cannot change govt form, power cannot be forfeited, cannot challenge them |
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Term
| Security ARgument in HObbes |
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Definition
| Sovereign says what is right and wrong, right of making war and peace and punish/rewaed |
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Term
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Definition
Freedom of the will- strict sense is that nothing is impeding your motion, liberty and necessity consistent
liberty of a subject- freedom to act within limits of commonwealth
true liberty- self-preservation and physical liberty |
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Term
| Political Unions are unstable |
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Definition
| None of the above - Hobbes |
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Term
| Freedom of the Will (Hobbes vs Milton) |
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Definition
Hobbes- only means against physical hindrances
Milton is very serious about it |
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Term
| LImits of authortiy (Hobbes vs Milton) |
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Definition
Milton opposes unlimited authority of a sovereign
Supports political freedom, radical republican |
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Term
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Definition
Is beheaded
Milton supports this
Hobbes would not! |
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Term
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Definition
| Religion is the source of conflict and factionalism, competing ideas of what is right and wrong |
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Term
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Definition
| God acts justly in creating the best of all possible worlds. No created world can be without evil, the least evil with greatest happiness |
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Term
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Definition
| He realizes that even his attempt to destroy creation is just part of God's master plan. nothing is not known by god |
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Term
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Definition
| No, despite foreknowledge, everyone is free to fall, they are given the same options |
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Term
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Definition
Men shall be saved by the grace in God
The Son's sacrifice makes possible eternal life for those who accept God's grace |
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Term
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Definition
| Jesus is the ultimate savior of manking |
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Term
| Milton's view on Sovereign |
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Definition
| Milton’s view, like that of other Protestant reformers, is that we owe obedience only to God: no human being has natural authority over us |
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