Term
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Definition
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Definition
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| 3 factors that affect stroke volume |
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Definition
Preload (liquid: amt of blood ready to go into the aorta)
Afterload (pressure)
Contractility (How well the heart works) |
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Definition
| effectcontractility of the heart |
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Term
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Definition
decreases contractility of the heart (lopressor, atropolol)
angina |
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Term
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Definition
increase contractility of the heart
(digoxin) |
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Term
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Definition
| control the sympathetic branch (blood vessels) |
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Term
| When alpha & beta receptors are activated _______ occurs |
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Definition
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Term
| Beta 1 cells are located in the ____ and ___ |
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Definition
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Term
| When beta 1 receptors in the kidneys are stimulated, there is __________ |
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Definition
| increase in renin secretion |
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Term
| Beta 2 blockers are located in the _____ and _____. When they are stimulated, ______ occurs. For this reason _______ beta blockers are better for ______/_____ (as well as _______) |
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Definition
| Beta 2 blockers are in hte lungs and arterioles. When they are stimulated broncho/vasodilation occurs. For this reason, cardioselective beta bockers (atenolol, Tenormin and metoprolol, Lopressor) are better for asthma/COPD (as well as diabetes because non-selective may mask symptoms of hyper glycemia) |
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Term
Normal B/P is ______.
Prehypertension is SBP ____-____ or DBP ___-___
Stage 1 hypertension is SBP ____-____ or DBP ___-___
Stage 2 hypertension is SBP ____-____ or DBP ___-___ |
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Definition
<120/80
prehypertension SBP 121-139 or DBP 81-89
stage 1 SBP 140-159 or DBP 90-99
Stage 2 SBP >159 or SBP >99
But it's important to identify presence of target organ disease & additional risk factors. With risk factors, >130/80 is hypertension |
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Term
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Definition
| Rise in BP (up to 180/110) WITHOUT acute end-organ damage |
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Term
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Definition
| sudden rise in bp (220/140) WITH acute end-organ damage |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Most common cause of secondary HTN |
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Definition
| Renal Parenchymal disease |
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Term
| OTC meds that may cause secondary HTN |
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Definition
| NSAIDS (ibprofen, naproxin), Decongestants (pseudoephedrine; Sudafed), Migrane H/A meds |
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Term
| One secondary health problem that is a modifiable risk factor for secondary HTN is ______ |
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Definition
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Term
| Someone taking Digoxin and a diuretic sees a yellow aura |
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Definition
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Term
| Never combine Lithium and _____ diuretics because of decreased ______ ______ and ____ toxicity |
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Definition
Thiazides
Decreased renal function, lithium toxicity |
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Term
| Beta 1 blockers prevent _______ |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Renin angiotensin aldosterone system
When blood volume is low, kidneys secrete renin, renin stimulates angiotensin to form angiotensin I, angiotensin converting enzyme convertes angiotensin I to angiotensin II. Angiotensin II causes blood vessels to constrict, causing increase in BP. Angiotensin II also stimulates secretion of aldosterone from the adrenal cortex, aldosterone causes the kidneys to increase the re-absorption of salt and water, also increasing bp. |
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Term
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Definition
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Definition
Drugs that prevent RAAS
1)ACE inhibitors (angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors) end in "-pril"
Lisinopril, enalapril, captopril, benazepril
2) Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) end in "-sartan"
Losartan, Valsartan
3) Renin blockers only ONE: Aliskirin (Tekturna) |
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Term
| Caution when using ACE inhibitors, ARBs, and Renin blockers with _______/_____. Also monitor for side effects like ____, ____, ___ __ ___, and serios side effects like ________ |
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Definition
ASA/NSAIDS
Cough, rash, loss of taste
Serios side effect: angioedema |
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Term
| Vasodilators are used in ______ ____ _____ |
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Definition
Severe hypertension/crisis
Hydralazine (increase hair growth)
Nitroprusside (er mostly) |
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Term
| NEVER give ________ to pregnant patients. Examples are ______, ______, ______, ________. ________ are the best option for pregnant women like ________ (______) and ________ (_______) |
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Definition
Never give Ace inhibitors to pregnant women. ACEs are: Lisinopril, enalapril, captopril, benazepril .
Alpha 2 receptor agonists: clonidine (catapres) or Methyldopa (Aldomet) |
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Term
| Care for hypertensive crisis |
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Definition
| Lay supine, give Labetalol IV ASAP |
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Term
| African americans produce less _____ and are not as receptive to _____ or ______, so they should not be used as _____. ________ with ______ is the best choice. The standard dose is ___, more can cause kidney damage. |
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Definition
| Produce less renin. Aren't as receptive to ACEs and ARBs so they shouldn't be used as monotherapy. Calcium channel blockers with thiazide diuretics are the best choice; 25mg is standard dose, more can cause kidney damage. |
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Term
| Using ACE inhibitors in diabetics _______ _____ and ____ ______. This is _____ in ______! Instead of beta blockers, ________ ___ ___ should be used, but avoid ____ _______ ______ because they can _____ ______. |
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Definition
ACEs decrease proteinuria and slow nephropathy in diabetics, this is not true in non-diabetics!!
Calcium cahnnel blockers should be used instead of beta blockers and we should avoid non-selective beta 2 blockers because they can mask hyperglycemia. |
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Term
| First choice for elderly HTN-- can also use ______ _____ _____ |
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Definition
Thiazide diuretics
Calcium channel blockers |
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Term
| Elderly produce less ____, so _____ and _____ are less effective. They need _____ doses, but slower metabolism. ____ ____ ___ __! |
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Definition
| Produce less renin, more resistant to ACE and ARBs. Need higher doses, but slower metabolism. Start low, go slow! |
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Term
| Reducing SBP <120 in elderly can lead to _____ _____ _____ |
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Definition
| inadequate cerebral perfusion |
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Term
| _____ ______ are an option for pregnant women, but they must be ____ before delivery because the cause _____ _____. |
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Definition
Beta-blockers
Must be d/c'd before delivery because they cause fetal bradycardia |
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Term
| Good options for pregnant women |
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Definition
Alpha-receptor antagonist (central acting) Aldomet (Methyldopa)
Vasodilators: apresoline (hydralazine) |
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Term
| 4 drugs that should NEVER be given to a pregnant woman |
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Definition
| Captopril, enalapril, lisinopril, benazepril (ACEs) |
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