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| Disability Adjusted Life Year (DALY) |
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| broad, global perspective of environment includes what two factors? |
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Definition
resource management and toxic contaminants are a _____ perspective of the environment
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the physical environment from a narrower,
more locally focused perspective may include
what factors? |
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Definition
communities and workplaces are factors
when looking at the physical environment
from a _____ perspective |
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| enviro is an important _____ and _____ determinant of human health |
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Definition
_____ is an important direct and indirect determinant of human health
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Term
Major challenges to sustainable development
[of health] are posed by? |
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Definition
- mismanagement of natural resources
- excessive waste production
- associated enviro conditions
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Term
the health of impoverished rural & peri-urban populations are at greater risk from
degraded enviro conditions such as? |
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Definition
- inadequate / hazard shelter
- overcrowding
- lack H20 (supply & santiation)
- unsafe food
- air & water pollution
- high accident rates
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Term
Poor air quality is responsible for
25% of preventable ill health in world.
Affects/Conditions include: |
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Definition
- diarrhoeal diseases
- acute resp infection (ARI)
- malria
- schistosomiases
- chronic resp diseases
- child infections
- injuries
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as much as two-thirds of all
preventable ill health due to
enviro conditions occurs among ______ |
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Definition
as much as two-thirds of all
preventable ill health due to
______ occurs among children
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| lack of basic sanitation, poor water supply, and poor food safety contribute greatly to _____ disease mortality and morbidity. |
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Definition
lack of basic _____, poor _____ ______, and poor _____ _____ contribute greatly to diarrhoeal disease mortality and morbidity.
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| Air pollution lowers quality of life and contributes to what conditions: |
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Definition
- ARI
- chronic respi disease
- CVD
- CA
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| major vector-borne diseases is closely r/t naturally existing _____ conditions. |
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Definition
major _____ diseases is closely r/t naturally existing enviro conditions
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| The incidence, severity, and distribution of vector-borne diseases are affected substantially by human activities such as: |
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Definition
- water developments
- agricultural developments
- urbanization
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| Global environmental change (climate change) impacts health, particularly the _____ and _____ |
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Definition
_____ _____ impacts health, particularly the poor and marginalized (r/t lack resources)
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Term
Modern Hazards
(enviro influences on
human health) |
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Definition
- water pollution
- urbanization,
- industry,
- intensive agriculture
- air pollution
- climate change
- ozone depletion
- transboundary pollution
- land use patters
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Term
Enviro as a Health Concern:
Body Burden |
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Definition
- pesticides
- flame retardants
- nicotine-metabolites
- lead
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Term
Ecological Change
and Health |
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Definition
- Hantavirus pulmonary syndrom
- Lyme disease
- Avian influenza
- birds, pigs, wet markets, dense settlements
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| 1.7 to 10 million deaths attributed to unsafe _____ and _____ |
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Definition
__#__ million deaths attributed to unsafe water and sanitation
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Term
Unsafe water contains:
(diseases) |
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Definition
- typhoid fever
- cholera
- hypatitis
- gladiasis
- schistosomiasis
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Term
| water, sanitation, and disease |
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Definition
- water-washed diseases
- spread by lack of water for hygeine
- E coli, salmonella, mix of land & H20 use
- water-vectored diseases:
- spread by insects via water
- mosquito-borne (malaria, west nile
- water-based diseases:
- spread through aquatic invertabrate host
- schistosomiasis, river blindness
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| outdoor air pollution accounts for _____ deaths per year, worldwide |
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Definition
_____ pollution accounts for 800,000 deaths per year, worldwide
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| _____ pollution effects are more noticeable in haze and reduced visibility |
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Definition
air pollution effects are more noticeable in _____ and _____ visibility
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| exposure to low levels of what pollutants irritate eyes and inflammation of resp tract? |
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Definition
- ozone
- sulphur oxides
- nitrogen oxides
- particulate matter
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| what adverse health outcomes are r/t air quality? |
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Definition
- asthma
- lung CA
- CVD
- diabetes
- CVA
- COLD
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Term
| an assoc b/w fine particular matter and death r/t _____ _____ and _____ |
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Definition
an assoc b/w _____ _____ _____ and death r/t lung CA and CVD
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Term
| 3-5 days after days after increased exposure to _____ _____ _____, asthma attacks increase |
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Definition
3-5 days after days after increased exposure to particulate air pollution, _____ attacks increase
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Term
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Definition
- aerosol cloud > 1000s deaths anually (80% man made)
- slashing sunlight 15%
- create acid rain-kill plants
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| Currently, research is focused = lifestyle disease & a magic bullet fix, but _____ effects remains contentious |
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Definition
Currently, research is focused = _____ disease & a magic bullet fix, but enviro effects remains contentious
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Term
today, tobacco and diet are the main drivers of the
_____ burden |
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Definition
today, _____ and _____ are the main drivers of the
CA burden
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Term
air poll'n = __% caus of CA
work exposure = __% CA |
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Definition
_____ pollution = 2% caus of CA
_____ _____ = 5% CA
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Term
| circumstantial evidence r/t what we eat, drink, and breathe as risk factor for _____ |
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Definition
circumstantial evidence r/t what we _____, _____, and _____ as risk factor for disease
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| significant fear: food, drink, and air quality = outside our ctrl, making enviro-health intensely _____ |
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Definition
significant fear: _____, _____, and _____ quality = outside our ctrl, making enviro-health intensely political
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Term
| X3 most significant environmental pollutants |
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Definition
- unsafe water
- poor sanitation
- poor hygiene
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| Unexplained morbidity and mortality may be explained by the _____ influence |
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Definition
Unexplained _____ and _____ may be explained by the environment influence
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Term
| these pesticides reside inside our bodies: |
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Definition
- flame retardants
- nicotine-metabolites
- lead
- human-made chemicals
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Term
| girl = 10% more fat > absorb/carry + fat-soluble ___ materials >____ loading |
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Definition
girl = 10% more fat > absorb/carry + fat-soluble toxic materials > _____
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Term
almost 80% US voters
no _____ _____ ok if adverse affect human health |
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Definition
almost ___% US voters
no enviro pollution ok if adverse affect human health
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Term
Human health risks
(r/t enviro) = _____ (political reasoning underlies which health issues are addressed and which ones are not) |
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Definition
Human health risks
(r/t _____) = bio-political (political reasoning underlies which health issues are addressed and which ones are not)
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Term
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Definition
| the biophysical and chemical surroundings that affect individuals health |
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Term
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Definition
- Physical health
- respiratory
- GI illness
- CA
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Term
| harmful environmental factors that affect human health must travel along a medium or pathway (___, ___, ___, ... or animal or insect vector) |
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Definition
harmful environmental factors that affect human health must travel along a medium or pathway (air, water, food... or _____ or _____ vector)
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Term
| modern hazards that lead to human vulnerability (WHO) |
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Definition
- unsustainable develop
- water pollution
- industry
- ++ agriculture
- urban air pollution
- vehicle traffic
- coal power stations
- industry
- climate change
- ozone depletion
- transboundary pollution
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| environmental factors identified by WHO as risks |
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Definition
- ambient air
- indoor air
- lead
- water, sanitation, hygiene
- climate change
- occupational risks
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Term
industrialized countries, respiratory disease is caused by ____ ____, _____, and _____ pollution
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Definition
In industrialized countries, _____ disease is caused by greenhouse gases, smog, and air pollution
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Term
| indirect effects of climate change combine with other environmental occurrences, such as _____ dynamics, _____, and _____ and _____ patterns |
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Definition
indirect effects of _____ _____ combine with other environmental occurrences, such as pop'n dynamics, urbanization, and product'n and consumption patterns
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| worldwide, poor water systems and inadequate sanitation are responsible for about __% of deaths |
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Definition
worldwide, poor _____ systems and inadequate _____ are responsible for about 4% of deaths
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Term
| West Nile Virus spread to Romania, Russia, and USA, via: _____, _____, and ____ ____ |
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Definition
West Nile Virus spread to _____, _____, and _____ via water-body, bird-migration routes, and dry summers
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| the relationship between mosquitoes, birds, and human activity > cause industrialized countries to be affected by ____-____ |
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Definition
the relationship between _____, _____, and _____ activity > cause industrialized countried to be affected by West-Nile
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| Global environment changes affects pathogens, vectors, and hosts by influencing their _____, _____, and _____ |
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Definition
Global environment changes affects _____, _____, and _____ by influencing their survival, abundance, and dispersal
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| Transmission of microorganisms increases during ____ ____, _____, and _____ |
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Definition
Transmission of microorganisms increases during high temps, flooding, and runoff
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Term
| list the ways microoganisms can be transmitted via water |
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Definition
- water-borne
- water-washed
- water-vectored
- water-based
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Term
water-borne
(microorg trans) |
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Definition
| infections spread through water supplies) |
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Term
water-washed
(microorg trans) |
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Definition
| infections spread through lack of water for personal hygiene |
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Term
water vectored
(microorg trans) |
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Definition
| infections spread by insects that depend on water |
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Term
water-based
(microorg trans) |
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Definition
| infections spread through an aquatic invertebrate host |
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Term
Cryptosporidiosis
(waterborne disease) |
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Definition
- source: untreated H20
- zoonosis:animal >human
- fecal-oral contam'n
- resistant to chlorine Tx
- small and hard to filter
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Term
Vibrio Cholerae (Cholera)
(waterborne disease) |
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Definition
- source: bath/drink untreated H20 or ingest contam food
- tidal flow & rivers > contact with humans
- assoc with monsoon season, warm, rain, increase plankton pop'n
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Term
water-washed
microorganisms |
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Definition
- chigella
- salmonella
- E. coli
- pseudomonas
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Term
E. coli
(water-washed microorg) |
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Definition
- trans via fecal>oral route when no water for basic hygiene
- water avail is has raw sewage and human/animal feces
- flooding promotes trans
- in developed areas, poor tx of drink H20
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Term
Malaria
(water-vectored disease) |
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Definition
- 90% of all _____ in sub-Saharan Africa
- ___ = vector borne, but needs intermed vector
- infected female mosquito needs high humidity & still water > flood increase disease rates
- greenhouse gas & global temp incr > North America
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Term
dracunculiases
(guinea worm disease)
water-based microorg |
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Definition
via contaminated water with infected intermed host (cyclopse)
Key is safe water supply |
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Term
| WHO report outdoor air poll'n accounts for __#__ death annually worldwide |
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Definition
WHO report _____ poll'n accounts for 800,000+ death annually worldwide
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Term
| low levels of ozone, sulfur oxides, nitrous oxides, and particulate matter (PM) > ____ ____ ____ > infections |
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Definition
low levels of _____, _____ _____, _____ oxides, and ____ ____ (PM) suppress immune system > infections
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Term
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Definition
in US, with each
rise in death rate from respiratory and CVD,
also increase in ____ ____ |
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Term
| recent studies > link between air quality and _____, _____ CA, _____, _____, _____, _____ |
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Definition
recent studies > link between _____ quality and asthma, lung CA, CVD, diabetes, stroke, COLD
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Term
| rapid urbanization coupled with increasing vehicle pop'n > adverse effects on urban ____ quality |
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Definition
rapid _____ coupled with increasing vehicle pop'n > adverse effects on urban air quality
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Term
| in 2002, the volume of toxic pollutants emitted into the atmosphere increased __% (double increase in 1997) |
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Definition
in 2002, the volume of toxic pollutants emitted into the atmosphere increased 5% (double increase in 1997)
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Term
| emission from fossil fuel combustion > increase avg _____ levels in Ontario |
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Definition
_____ from fossil fuel combustion > increase avg smog levels in Ontario
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Term
| smog alerts days are increasing in number (34), and also happening in _____ |
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Definition
smog alerts days are increasing in number (34), and also happening in winter
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Term
| hi temperatures stress electrical sources (coal-fired power plants) to power _____ |
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Definition
hi temperatures stress ____ ____ (coal-fired power plants) to power air-conditioners
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Term
| poor ____ ____ quality kills 2.2 million annually (underdeveloped counties) |
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Definition
poor indoor air quality kills __#__ million annually (underdeveloped counties)
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Term
- spend __-__% time indoor
- common illnesses r/t indoors > colds,flu, headache, stomach
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Definition
- spend 50-90% time indoor
- common illnesses r/t indoors > ____,____, _____, _____
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Term
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Definition
- radon
- smoke
- C02
- Nitrogen Oxide
- formaldehyde
- solvents
- pesticides
- ozone
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Term
| Other indoor pollutants > exacerbate ailments |
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Definition
- fungi
- bacteria
- viruses
- mites
- pollens
- animal dander
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Term
Asthma in Children
leading illness > leads to? |
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Definition
school absences
hospitalizations
ER visits |
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Term
WHO
safe food =protect ____ health |
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Definition
WHO
safe ____ =protect kids
health
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Term
| food security affected by |
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Definition
- enviro practices
- farming styles
- water avail
- land ownership patterns
- tension b/w subsistence and export-based agriculture b/w subsitence and export
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Term
| Food insecurity can result in _____ and _____ |
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Definition
____ ____ can result in malnutrition and illness
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Term
1996 _____ =
11.7% all deaths worldwide
15.9% DALY |
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Definition
1996 malnutrition =
11.7% all _____ worldwide
15.9% _____
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Term
| _____ makes people, espec children, susceptible to illness: pneumonia, diarrheal sicknesses |
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Definition
malnutrition makes people, espec children, susceptible to illness: _____, _____ sicknesses
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Term
| Globally, enviro changes (pesticides, antibiotics, and animal vs insect #) > into _____ |
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Definition
Globally, enviro changes (_____, _____, and ____ vs ____ #) > translated into food we eat
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Term
LEAD;
• exposure via ___ & ___
• downtown = 10-100 X's greater concent'n than smaller cities |
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Definition
_____;
• child expoz via soil & dust
• downtown = 10-100 X's greater concent'n than smaller cities
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Term
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Definition
- associated with adverse neurodevelopment (early life)
- damage brain, kidneys, CNS, and RBC
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Term
| during infancy an childhood, lead is linked to |
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Definition
- hyperactivity,
- impulsive behaviour
- IQ deficits
- reduced school perform
- aggression
- delinquent bhvr
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Term
| The health of millions of women and girls worldwide is threatened by the soot produced from cooking over _____ inside |
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Definition
The health of millions of women and girls worldwide is threatened by the _____ produced from cooking over coals inside
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Term
| since 1995 > 13 food-borne outbreaks linked to _____ sprouts, with 10 of those occurring in the USA |
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Definition
since 1995 > 13 ___-borne outbreaks linked to alfalfa sprouts, with 10 of those occurring in the USA
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Term
| possible link b/w humans, animals, and disease. Crowding (urbanization) enable favourable conditions of disease _____ and _____ |
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Definition
possible link b/w humans, animals, and disease. _____ (urbanization) enable favourable conditions of disease transference and proliferation
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Term
| all mammalian influenza strains originate in ducks. transmission b/w birds, and to human pop'n via _____ contamination of water |
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Definition
all mammalian influenza strains originate in _____. transmission b/w birds, and to human pop'n via fecal contamination of water
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Term
| factory farming > ____ ____, contaminate _____, degrade _____, loss of _____ |
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Definition
____ ____ > Abx resist, contaminate H20, degrade soil, loss of biodiversity
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Term
| benefits of salmon r/t _____ disease outweigh risk r/t _____-causing toxins |
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Definition
benefits of _____ r/t heart disease outweigh risk r/t CA-causing toxins
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Term
| malachite green: in trout and salmon fams in UK > banned b/c proven human _____ |
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Definition
____ ____: in trout and salmon fams in UK > banned b/c proven human carcinogen
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Term
| ____ ____ is likely to worsen as more fossil fuels are used, leading to phtotochemical reactions |
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Definition
industrial haze is likely to worsen as more ____ ____ are used, leading to phtotochemical reactions
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Term
| in developing countries, activities to assist economic development lead to problems, compounding those from the routine _____ of living in such places |
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Definition
in developing countries, activities to assist economic development lead to _____, compounding those from the routine hazards of living in such places
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Term
| environmental impacts human health on _____ scale with climante change and trade relations |
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Definition
environmental impacts human health on global scale with ____ ____ and ____ ____
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Term
environment impacts human health and well being
on a local level with contaminated communities |
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Definition
environment impacts human health and well being
on a local level with contaminated communities
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Term
| environment impacts human health and well-being on the personal level with UV-radiation and food & H20 consumption |
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Definition
environment impacts human health and well-being on the personal level with UV-radiation and food & H20 consumption
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