Term
|
Definition
| Looking at different age groups at the same time |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| groups are different and may affect the outcome of the study |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| those who have survived may be different than those who have died |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Researcher has the ability to control one aspect of the study at a time to study only one variable (ex. Weight training group vs. control) |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| researcher doesn’t know grouping |
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Term
|
Definition
| subjects don’t know grouping either |
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Term
|
Definition
| little of all studies but not perfect |
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Term
|
Definition
| mostly on a volunteer basis |
|
|
Term
| Five characteristics which apply to all age changes |
|
Definition
Universal
Intrinsic
Progressive
Irreversible
Deleterious |
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Term
|
Definition
| caused by age, not environment |
|
|
Term
| What is the integumentary system |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the skin's functions (5) |
|
Definition
Protects underlying tissues
Regulates body temperature
Eliminates salt and other waste products
Synthesizes vitamin D
Sensory receptors respond to environmental changes such as heat, cold, light touch, pain |
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Term
|
Definition
Epidermis
Dermis
Subcutaneous |
|
|
Term
| Eight age associated changes in the integumentary system |
|
Definition
The skin does become more fragile, thinner, easier to tear, and rough to the touch
Less blood circulates making elders feel cold, bruise more easily
Decrease in sweat gland production
-reduces body odor and ability to perspire and regulate the body temperature.
-skin is less able to produce Vit D
-clumping melatonin can produce “liver spots”
-may see more spider veins
Finger and toe nails grow more slowly |
|
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Term
| Most skin damage is due to what three things |
|
Definition
| cigarettes, sun, and facial expressions |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| loss of pigment (natural) |
|
|
Term
| Hair loss and texture of hair is natural or unnatural? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sun's changes on our skin is called |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What two radiations are damaging |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Sunscreen may not protect against what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a skin condition that is super itchy |
|
|
Term
| What causes senile pruritis |
|
Definition
| dry skin, Underlying causes for dry skin may be lice or mites, fungus, allergies or a chronic disease such as diabetes, kidney disease, liver disease or cancer |
|
|
Term
| What is the treatment for senile pruritis? |
|
Definition
| lotions and lukewarm baths |
|
|
Term
| Three basic kinds of skin cancer |
|
Definition
-basal-most common 80% of all skin cancers
-squamous- 15%
-melanoma- 4% |
|
|
Term
| Location of the three different types of skin cancer |
|
Definition
Basal cell cancer and squamous cell cancer is usually located on face, forearms or shoulders. Both grow slowly and are usually treatable
Melanoma is mole like, seen on lower legs and feet a lot |
|
|
Term
| Moles should be carefully examined using ABCD |
|
Definition
Asymmetry
irregular Border
uneven Color
Diameter greater than 6mm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| store calcium and share it with other body parts |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| White and red blood cells |
|
|
Term
| Strength of bones depends on |
|
Definition
| health, genetics and physical activity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| smooth, cardiac, and skeletal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many bones do we have |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens when muscles aren't used |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| loss of skeletal muscle mass |
|
|
Term
| Is sarcopenia natural or unnatural |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Joints be _____ ________ with age |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is joint flexibility natural or unnatural |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Reduction in bone strength and mass makes |
|
Definition
| bones more susceptible to fractures |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| exercise, calcium, vitamin D, and medications |
|
|
Term
| Do we become shorter or taller with age |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Two examples of skeletal disorders |
|
Definition
| osteoporosis, Osteoarthritis/rhuemitoid arthritis |
|
|
Term
| What are the most frequent complaint among elders |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the most reported chronic illness |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What causes joint pain in osteoarthritis |
|
Definition
| The cartilage between joints breaks down and bone spurs grow causing joint pain |
|
|
Term
| Rheumatiod is more likely to cause |
|
Definition
| pain, crippling and disfigurement |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Age-related disorder that reduces bone mass and increases chance of fractures |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lesser degree of bone loss |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hip fracture, also affects spine and can cause deformities |
|
|
Term
| What can help slow osteoporosis |
|
Definition
| Calcium, vitamin D, physical activity and estrogen |
|
|
Term
| Two things which cause foot problems |
|
Definition
| skin is thinner and drier, toenails are more brittle |
|
|
Term
| Callouses or corns are caused by |
|
Definition
| friction – ill-fitting shoes or bones out of place |
|
|
Term
| usually occur on the big toe and can cause a lot of pain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two most common endocrine disorders |
|
Definition
| diabetes and thyroid problems |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| s a deficiency in thyroid hormone. Symptoms can be subtle: lack of energy, weight gain, swelling, depression. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is an excess of thyroid hormone. The increased heart rate and strain may cause a heart attack. |
|
|
Term
| Four aspects of circulation |
|
Definition
-Transports nutrients to and wastes from every cell
-Includes the heart, blood vessels and blood
-Arteries (elastic) give more blood where it is needed
-Veins are not as elastic and rely on gravity and valves to prevent backflow |
|
|
Term
| Most alterations in cardiac efficiency affect only peak-level performance and not |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| “Hardening of the arteries” |
|
Definition
| age-related – both the heart walls and the artery walls become thicker |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is when leg arteries become narrowed by atherosclerosis (painful to walk) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| are distended, ropey blood vessels on legs (can cause aches and swelling) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| are like varicose veins near the anus and can be internal or external – they can be itchy, painful and bloody |
|
|
Term
| Systems work to return fluid to the bloodstream and protect by showing infection in |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What two things are also invloved in The Lymphatic and Immune Systems |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The immune system identifies and destroys |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are three types of white blood cells |
|
Definition
| T-cells, B-cells and macrophages |
|
|
Term
| Two functions of the lymphatic and immune system |
|
Definition
| . 1. to collect excess fluid from around cells and return it to bloodstream 2. protective functions (lymph nodes inactivate bacteria and viruses and filter foreign matter from body fluids). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| engulf and digest injured invaders |
|
|
Term
| Two age associated changes in the lymphatic and immune systems |
|
Definition
Immune function declines with age
Antibodies do not respond as vigorously to foreign antigens |
|
|
Term
| Cancers and autoimmune diseases are more likely to occur in the _____ years |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Two things the respiratory system does |
|
Definition
Transfers oxygen from the air into the bloodstream and removes carbon dioxide from the bloodstream
Oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange in the walls of the alveoli. |
|
|
Term
| Breath rate and depth are regulated by a respiratory control center in the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The respiratory system is constantly exposed to |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Three age related changes in the respiratory system |
|
Definition
Reduced amount of oxygen taken up by the blood
Maximum breathing rate decreases
Decrease in vital capacity and residual lung volume |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Breaks down food into usable nutrients, absorbs them into the blood and temporarily stores waste |
|
|
Term
| What does the digestive system include |
|
Definition
| mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, liver, pancreas, gallbladder and large intestine |
|
|
Term
| What is tooth loss caused by |
|
Definition
| poor oral hygiene (made worse over time) |
|
|
Term
| Peridontal diseas is the most common cause of what among elders? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Does medicare cover dental services? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| occurs when the stomach protrudes into the chest cavity near the diaphragm |
|
|
Term
| Treatment of hiatal hernia |
|
Definition
| behavior modification – eating less, walking after meals, wearing looser clothing |
|
|
Term
| What is the most common digestive complaint in our country |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What can cause constipation |
|
Definition
| but reduced physical activity and fiber intake, medication side effects and chronic illness increases symptoms |
|
|
Term
| Two functions of the urinary system |
|
Definition
Rids the body of waste products and toxic substances
Regulates the amount and composition of body fluids |
|
|
Term
| What does the urinary system include |
|
Definition
| kidneys, ureter, bladder and urethra |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| remove waste from the body and regulate the concentration of urine |
|
|
Term
| Main age associated change in urinary system |
|
Definition
| The kidneys are less efficient at filtering and urine becomes less concentrated |
|
|
Term
| Effects of decreased kidney function include |
|
Definition
-Elders are more vulnerable to dehydration
-Less filtration may mean longer activation of some drugs
-Elders are more likely to need to urinate at night
-The bladder wall is weaker, reducing capacity
-Elders may have increased urinary frequency |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| It sends messages to the peripheral nervous system which controls the organs, glands and muscles. |
|
|
Term
| What does the CNS include |
|
Definition
The nervous system also includes neurotransmitters and neuroglia
brain and spinal cord. |
|
|
Term
| Three age associated changes in the CNS |
|
Definition
Brain weight declines in the 20s; less blood supply
Cognitive changes: intelligence, attentiveness, short-term memory, reaction time, and speed of processing new information
As fatigue increases, sleep efficiency decreases |
|
|
Term
| Three techniques to improve memory |
|
Definition
-Putting info into small, manageable units
-Visualization
-Writing things down |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sensory neurons gather information about the internal and external environment and share that information with the nervous system |
|
|
Term
| Seven aspects of the sensory system |
|
Definition
| Vision, hearing, smell, taste, equilibrium, temperature and pain sensation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| five age associated changes in vision |
|
Definition
-Presbyopia or farsightedness
-Night vision is impaired
-Reductions in pupil size and
thickening of the cornea allows for less light in
-Glare is more of a problem
-Elders need more light, magnifying glasses for close work, glare reduced and frequent eye exams |
|
|
Term
| Hearing loss, while common among elders, is attributed to ________ more than age |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
is sensory hearing loss associated with aging
-Mainly background interference
-The wall of the canal
collapses, making it less
effective in receiving sounds |
|
|
Term
| What may restore hearing loss |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Taste and smell is reduced among elders
This may be age-related, but may also be because of |
|
Definition
| chronic illnesses, sinus problems, poor oral hygiene, nutritional deficiencies or digestive disorders |
|
|
Term
| With limited taste and smell, elders are in danger of |
|
Definition
| gas inhalation or eating bad foods |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Experts think that somatic receptors become less sensitive with age
Difficult to do a scientific study relying on subjective responses
Elders may be less likely to report pain, have a higher threshold, or feel less pain because of a change in the receptors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cause by a shortage of a particular neurotransmitter, dopamine, in the nerve cells in the part of the brain controlling muscle movement. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A roaring or ringing in the ears when no external noise is present |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| exposure to loud noise but also caused by ear infection, effects of medication, etc. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| treating the underlying cause or focusing on stress reduction and white noise replacement |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
With glaucoma you gradually lose peripheral vision without being aware of it.
Results in vision loss. |
|
|
Term
| What is the leading cause of irreversible blindness? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Endocrine system can also be reffered to as |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cells are less responsive to insulin with age which can predispose to diabetes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| decreased production of estrogen |
|
|
Term
| Two female changes in the endocrine system |
|
Definition
After menopause, women are no longer able to reproduce
Organs in the female genital system become smaller, vaginal walls are less elastic and thinner |
|
|
Term
| Three male changes in endocrine system |
|
Definition
Older men have more difficulty achieving and maintaining erections
A decline in viable sperm is universal
Men’s prostates enlarge causing difficulty in urinating |
|
|
Term
| What is one urogenital disorder |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Two types of kidney failure |
|
Definition
Acute kidney failure is a life-threatening emergency
Chronic kidney failure is gradual and without symptoms |
|
|
Term
| Two main causes of kidney failure |
|
Definition
| High blood pressure and diabetes |
|
|
Term
| Two treatments for kidney failure |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cleanse, filter and purify blood and produce urine |
|
|
Term
| What is one urogenital disorder experienced by most males |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Symptoms of an enlarged prostate |
|
Definition
| include longer to start urinating and increased frequency to urinate |
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|
