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| Stimulants are substances that keep a person going ________ and _________ |
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| Two restricted stimulants |
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| Two readily available stimulants |
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| Where does Coca grow and it produces what |
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| Natives of the Andes chewed coca leaves to give them greater |
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| The coca leaf was an important part of ______ culture and was used for |
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| Inca, religious ceremonies and as currency |
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| Coca wine: Angelo Mariani |
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Definition
| Used coca leaf extract in many products including lozenges, tea, and, especially, wine |
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| Coca extract was later used in the United States in early versions of _________ and in many patent ________ |
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| Cocaine as a local anesthetic, Delivered via newly developed hypodermic syringe |
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| Cocaine was isolated before |
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Definition
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| Processing 500 kilograms of coca leaves yields ___ kilogram of cocaine |
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Definition
Studied use of cocaine as a treatment for depression and morphine dependence
Later opposed use of the drug after nursing a friend through cocaine psychosis |
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| ____ states passed laws to regulate cocaine between 1887 and 1914 |
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Definition
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| Press and politicians made unsubstantiated claims about cocaine use among _________ ______ |
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Definition
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| Negative publicity about cocaine influenced the passage of the |
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Definition
Crude extract created during the manufacture of cocaine
Can be mixed with tobacco and smoked |
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| Most common form of pure cocaine |
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Definition
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Definition
| Stable water-soluble salt |
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Definition
Prepared as a chemical base
Can be heated and the vapors inhaled |
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Definition
Lumps of dried, smokable cocaine
Prepared by mixing cocaine with water and baking soda |
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Term
| Cocaine use began to increase again at the end of the ______'s |
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Definition
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Term
| Prior to 1985, the major form of the drug available was ________ __________, which was snorted |
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Definition
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Term
| Cocaine was relatively expensive and its use was associated with |
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Definition
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Term
| inexpensive ($5 to $10 a hit) form of smokable cocaine became available |
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Definition
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Term
| _______ cocaine has a greater abuse potential than ________ cocaine |
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Definition
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Term
| Media and politicians focused on crack use among |
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Term
| Media and politicians focused on crack use among urban blacks. it was associated with |
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Definition
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| Anti-Drug Abuse Acts of 1986 and 1988 |
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Definition
Penalties for sale of crack cocaine significantly more severe than penalties associated with powder cocaine
Tougher penalties for first-time users of crack |
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| Concerns about federal cocaine sentencing policy |
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Definition
Does it overstate the seriousness of most crack cocaine offenses?
Does it disproportionately affect the black community? |
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Term
| Chemical structure does not tell us |
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Definition
| how or why cocaine affects the brain |
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Term
| Cocaine blocks reuptake of |
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Definition
| dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine |
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Term
| Chewing or sucking coca leaves |
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Definition
| Slow absorption and onset of effects |
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Definition
| Rapid absorption and onset of effects |
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Definition
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| Cocaine is metabolized by |
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Definition
| enzymes in the blood and liver |
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| Cocaine has a half-life of about |
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Definition
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Term
| Major metabolites (detected by drug screens) have a half-life of |
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Definition
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| Local anesthetic properties of cocaine were discovered in _______, but the drug was not used medically until ______ |
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Definition
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Term
| Synthesized drugs have largely replaced cocaine for |
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Definition
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| Cocaine remains in use for surgery in what regions of the body |
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Definition
| nasal, laryngeal, and esophageal |
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Term
| Acute cocaine toxicity causes ________ _____ ___________, which can lead to __________ ___ _______ arrest |
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Definition
| profound CNS stimulation, respiratory or cardiac |
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Term
| Significant individual variation in the _______ and __________ of cocaine |
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Definition
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| Significant individual variation in the uptake and metabolism of cocaine makes it difficult to estimate the size of a |
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Definition
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| Rare, severe, and unpredictable reactions can cause ______ ________ |
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Definition
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| Cocaine combined with alcohol can cause the formation of the toxic chemical |
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Definition
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| Animal and human studies have shown that cocaine is a powerfully _________ drug |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| comes almost immediately after the cessation of use and is accompanied by intense craving, fatigue, lack of pleasure, anxiety, irritability, sleepiness, sometimes agitation or extreme suspicion. |
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Definition
| often has no visible physical symptoms, but can have depressed mood, fatigue, vivid and/or unpleasant dreams, agitation and restless behavior, slowing of activity, increased appetite |
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| Cocaine use during pregnancy |
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Definition
Increased risk of miscarriage and torn placenta
Long-term effects of prenatal cocaine exposure still under study |
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| Street cocaine averages about ___-___ percent pure |
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Definition
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| Most illicit cocaine comes from |
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Definition
| Peru, Bolivia, and Columbia |
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| 2006 surveys indicate that about __ percent of adults currently use cocaine |
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Definition
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Term
| Down from a high of __ to __ percent in the 1980s |
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Definition
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Term
| Usage rates of _______ and _________ tend to cycle in opposition to each other |
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Definition
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Term
| The Chinese used a medicinal tea made from |
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Definition
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Term
| The Chinese used a medicinal tea made from ma huang (Ephedra). The active ingredient was |
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Definition
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Term
| Ephedrine is a _____________ drug |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Stimulates the sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system |
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Term
| New synthesized chemical similar to ephedrine, called amphetamine, was patented in ______ |
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Definition
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Term
| Amphetamine was used ___________ |
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Definition
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Term
| Use by soldiers in World War II to fight |
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Definition
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Term
| Amphetamine + heroin injected together = |
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Definition
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| Most street amphetamines came from |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a time and place in which people used and became dependent on intravenous amphetamine |
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Term
| Limited amphetamine availability increased the number of |
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Definition
| illicit laboratories making methamphetamine |
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| Manufacture of methamphetamine is dangerous and associated with |
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Definition
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Term
| Methamphetamine hydrochloride crystals |
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Definition
Ice or crystal meth
Smokable |
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Term
| Methamphetamine abuse began in the ________ United States and then spread _____; it is also now considered a “______ _____” |
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Definition
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Term
| Chemical structure of amphetamine is similar to the |
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Definition
| catecholamine neurotransmitters |
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Term
| The structure of methamphetamine allows it to more easily |
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Definition
| cross the blood-brain barrier |
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Term
| Causes increased activity of ________ neurotransmitters (dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin) by stimulating their release |
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Definition
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| Peak affect of meth when orally ingested |
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Definition
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| Peak affects of amphetimines after intranasal admin |
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Definition
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| Peak affects of amphetimines after intravenous injection or smoking |
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Definition
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| Half life of amphetimines |
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Definition
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| Rapid tolerance (tachyphylaxis) can occur after |
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Definition
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Definition
| a treatment used together with primary treatment |
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Term
| The benefit of amphetamines is that their effects occur ______ compared with standard antidepressant medications |
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
| Combination of fenfluramine and phentermine was associated with |
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Definition
| heart valve damage and lung disease in some people |
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Term
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Definition
| uncontrolled daytime episodes of muscular weakness and falling asleep |
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Term
| Stimulants used for narcolepsy did what |
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Definition
| allowed the patient to stay awake during the day |
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Term
| Newer drug modafinil (Provigil) promotes wakefulness by |
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Definition
| increasing the activity of norepinephrine and dopamine |
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Term
| How is modafinil better for narcolepsy patients than previous stimulants? |
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Definition
Low abuse potential
Doesn’t induce tolerance |
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Term
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Definition
| Characterized by problems with inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity |
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Term
| Stimulant medications can reverse __________-associated deficits that may underlie ADHD |
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Definition
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Term
| Due to ______ ________and concerns about the risk of ______, other treatments for ADHD are being studied |
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Definition
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Term
| At a low level of arousal, may improve |
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Definition
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Term
| At a high level of arousal, may decrease _________, especially on complex or difficult tasks that require concentration |
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Definition
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Term
| Under some circumstances, may produce slight I_________ in athletic performance |
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Definition
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Term
| Acute behavioral toxicity |
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Definition
Increases in feelings of power, suspicion, paranoia
Potential risk of violent behavior |
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Term
| Very high doses may destroy |
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Definition
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Term
| Contaminants formed during the manufacture of illicit methamphetamine may have |
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Definition
| toxic effects on brain cells |
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Term
| Two reasons for paranoid psychosis |
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Definition
Heavy methamphetamine users have schizoid personalities.
Caused by sleep deprevation. |
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Term
| Higher risk of paranoid psychosis for those who |
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Definition
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Term
| Often no obvious __________ symptoms |
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Definition
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Term
| Produce ____________ dependence |
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Definition
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Term
| Capable of producing dependence as defined by ____ criteria |
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