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HTH 378 E2 Stimulants
Use and Effects of Drugs
101
Health Care
Undergraduate 3
03/25/2013

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Term
Stimulants are substances that keep a person going ________ and _________
Definition
physically and mentally
Term
Two restricted stimulants
Definition
Cocaine and amphetamine
Term
Two readily available stimulants
Definition
Caffeine and nicotine
Term
Where does Coca grow and it produces what
Definition
in the Andes and cocaine
Term
Natives of the Andes chewed coca leaves to give them greater
Definition
strength and endurance
Term
The coca leaf was an important part of ______ culture and was used for
Definition
Inca, religious ceremonies and as currency
Term
Angelo Mariani
Definition
coca wine
Term
Coca wine: Angelo Mariani
Definition
Used coca leaf extract in many products including lozenges, tea, and, especially, wine
Term
Coca extract was later used in the United States in early versions of _________ and in many patent ________
Definition
Coca-Cola, medicines
Term
Dr. W. S. Halsted
Definition
Cocaine as a local anesthetic, Delivered via newly developed hypodermic syringe
Term
Cocaine was isolated before
Definition
1860
Term
Processing 500 kilograms of coca leaves yields ___ kilogram of cocaine
Definition
1
Term
Sigmund Freud
Definition
Studied use of cocaine as a treatment for depression and morphine dependence
Later opposed use of the drug after nursing a friend through cocaine psychosis
Term
____ states passed laws to regulate cocaine between 1887 and 1914
Definition
46
Term
Press and politicians made unsubstantiated claims about cocaine use among _________ ______
Definition
southern blacks
Term
Negative publicity about cocaine influenced the passage of the
Definition
1914 Harrison Act
Term
Coca paste
Definition
Crude extract created during the manufacture of cocaine
Can be mixed with tobacco and smoked
Term
Most common form of pure cocaine
Definition
Cocaine hydrochloride
Term
Cocaine hydrochloride
Definition
Stable water-soluble salt
Term
Freebase
Definition
Prepared as a chemical base
Can be heated and the vapors inhaled
Term
Crack or rock
Definition
Lumps of dried, smokable cocaine
Prepared by mixing cocaine with water and baking soda
Term
Cocaine use began to increase again at the end of the ______'s
Definition
1960
Term
Prior to 1985, the major form of the drug available was ________ __________, which was snorted
Definition
cocaine hydrochloride
Term
Cocaine was relatively expensive and its use was associated with
Definition
status, wealth, and fame
Term
inexpensive ($5 to $10 a hit) form of smokable cocaine became available
Definition
crack
Term
_______ cocaine has a greater abuse potential than ________ cocaine
Definition
smoked, snorted
Term
Media and politicians focused on crack use among
Definition
urban blacks
Term
Media and politicians focused on crack use among urban blacks. it was associated with
Definition
dependence and violence
Term
Anti-Drug Abuse Acts of 1986 and 1988
Definition
Penalties for sale of crack cocaine significantly more severe than penalties associated with powder cocaine
Tougher penalties for first-time users of crack
Term
Concerns about federal cocaine sentencing policy
Definition
Does it overstate the seriousness of most crack cocaine offenses?
Does it disproportionately affect the black community?
Term
Chemical structure does not tell us
Definition
how or why cocaine affects the brain
Term
Cocaine blocks reuptake of
Definition
dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine
Term
Chewing or sucking coca leaves
Definition
Slow absorption and onset of effects
Term
Snorting cocaine
Definition
Rapid absorption and onset of effects
Term
Injected intravenously
Definition
Rapid and brief effects
Term
Smoked
Definition
Rapid and brief effects
Term
Cocaine is metabolized by
Definition
enzymes in the blood and liver
Term
Cocaine has a half-life of about
Definition
1 hour
Term
Major metabolites (detected by drug screens) have a half-life of
Definition
8 hours
Term
Local anesthetic properties of cocaine were discovered in _______, but the drug was not used medically until ______
Definition
1860, 1884
Term
Synthesized drugs have largely replaced cocaine for
Definition
medical use
Term
Cocaine remains in use for surgery in what regions of the body
Definition
nasal, laryngeal, and esophageal
Term
Acute cocaine toxicity causes ________ _____ ___________, which can lead to __________ ___ _______ arrest
Definition
profound CNS stimulation, respiratory or cardiac
Term
Significant individual variation in the _______ and __________ of cocaine
Definition
uptake and metabolism
Term
Significant individual variation in the uptake and metabolism of cocaine makes it difficult to estimate the size of a
Definition
lethal dose
Term
Rare, severe, and unpredictable reactions can cause ______ ________
Definition
cardiac failure
Term
Cocaine combined with alcohol can cause the formation of the toxic chemical
Definition
cocaethylene
Term
Animal and human studies have shown that cocaine is a powerfully _________ drug
Definition
reinforcing
Term
Crash
Definition
comes almost immediately after the cessation of use and is accompanied by intense craving, fatigue, lack of pleasure, anxiety, irritability, sleepiness, sometimes agitation or extreme suspicion.
Term
Withdrawal
Definition
often has no visible physical symptoms, but can have depressed mood, fatigue, vivid and/or unpleasant dreams, agitation and restless behavior, slowing of activity, increased appetite
Term
Cocaine use during pregnancy
Definition
Increased risk of miscarriage and torn placenta
Long-term effects of prenatal cocaine exposure still under study
Term
Street cocaine averages about ___-___ percent pure
Definition
50-75
Term
Most illicit cocaine comes from
Definition
Peru, Bolivia, and Columbia
Term
2006 surveys indicate that about __ percent of adults currently use cocaine
Definition
2
Term
Down from a high of __ to __ percent in the 1980s
Definition
7-9
Term
Usage rates of _______ and _________ tend to cycle in opposition to each other
Definition
cocaine and amphetamine
Term
The Chinese used a medicinal tea made from
Definition
ma huang (Ephedra)
Term
The Chinese used a medicinal tea made from ma huang (Ephedra). The active ingredient was
Definition
ephedrine
Term
Ephedrine is a _____________ drug
Definition
sympathomimetic
Term
sympathomimetic
Definition
Stimulates the sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system
Term
New synthesized chemical similar to ephedrine, called amphetamine, was patented in ______
Definition
1932
Term
Amphetamine was used ___________
Definition
medically
Term
Use by soldiers in World War II to fight
Definition
fatigue
Term
Amphetamine + heroin injected together =
Definition
speedball
Term
Most street amphetamines came from
Definition
prescriptions
Term
speed scene
Definition
a time and place in which people used and became dependent on intravenous amphetamine
Term
Limited amphetamine availability increased the number of
Definition
illicit laboratories making methamphetamine
Term
Manufacture of methamphetamine is dangerous and associated with
Definition
toxic fumes and residue
Term
Methamphetamine hydrochloride crystals
Definition
Ice or crystal meth
Smokable
Term
Methamphetamine abuse began in the ________ United States and then spread _____; it is also now considered a “______ _____”
Definition
western, east, club drug
Term
Chemical structure of amphetamine is similar to the
Definition
catecholamine neurotransmitters
Term
The structure of methamphetamine allows it to more easily
Definition
cross the blood-brain barrier
Term
Causes increased activity of ________ neurotransmitters (dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin) by stimulating their release
Definition
monoamine
Term
Peak affect of meth when orally ingested
Definition
1.5 hours
Term
Peak affects of amphetimines after intranasal admin
Definition
5-20 minutes
Term
Peak affects of amphetimines after intravenous injection or smoking
Definition
5-10 minutes
Term
Half life of amphetimines
Definition
5-12 hours
Term
Rapid tolerance (tachyphylaxis) can occur after
Definition
high doses
Term
Adjunctive therapy
Definition
a treatment used together with primary treatment
Term
The benefit of amphetamines is that their effects occur ______ compared with standard antidepressant medications
Definition
rapidly
Term
Weight control effect
Definition
Effect is real but small
Term
Combination of fenfluramine and phentermine was associated with
Definition
heart valve damage and lung disease in some people
Term
Narcolepsy
Definition
uncontrolled daytime episodes of muscular weakness and falling asleep
Term
Stimulants used for narcolepsy did what
Definition
allowed the patient to stay awake during the day
Term
Newer drug modafinil (Provigil) promotes wakefulness by
Definition
increasing the activity of norepinephrine and dopamine
Term
How is modafinil better for narcolepsy patients than previous stimulants?
Definition
Low abuse potential
Doesn’t induce tolerance
Term
ADHD
Definition
Characterized by problems with inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity
Term
Stimulant medications can reverse __________-associated deficits that may underlie ADHD
Definition
catecholamine
Term
Due to ______ ________and concerns about the risk of ______, other treatments for ADHD are being studied
Definition
side effects, abuse
Term
At a low level of arousal, may improve
Definition
performance
Term
At a high level of arousal, may decrease _________, especially on complex or difficult tasks that require concentration
Definition
performance
Term
Under some circumstances, may produce slight I_________ in athletic performance
Definition
improvements
Term
Acute behavioral toxicity
Definition
Increases in feelings of power, suspicion, paranoia
Potential risk of violent behavior
Term
Very high doses may destroy
Definition
catecholamine neurons
Term
Contaminants formed during the manufacture of illicit methamphetamine may have
Definition
toxic effects on brain cells
Term
Two reasons for paranoid psychosis
Definition
Heavy methamphetamine users have schizoid personalities.
Caused by sleep deprevation.
Term
Higher risk of paranoid psychosis for those who
Definition
inject the drug
Term
Often no obvious __________ symptoms
Definition
withdrawal
Term
Produce ____________ dependence
Definition
psychological dependence
Term
Capable of producing dependence as defined by ____ criteria
Definition
DSM
Term
A potent
Definition
reinforcer
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