Term
| These include Include prescription drugs that treat anxiety (_______) and insomnia (________) |
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Definition
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Term
| Depressants are also called |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Most widely used depressant |
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Definition
|
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Term
| most widely prescribed depressants |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Volatile solvents and other compounds used for intoxicating purposes |
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Term
| Inhalants have depressant effects similar to |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Chloral hydrate is also called |
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Definition
| “knockout drops,” “Mickey Finn” |
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Term
| Chloral hydrate synthesized in, used in, induces, and abuse |
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Definition
Synthesized in 1832; used clinically in 1870
Induces sleep in less than an hour
Abuse leads to gastric irritation |
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Term
| Paraldehyde synthesized in, used in, effectiveness, problem |
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Definition
Synthesized in 1829; used clinically in 1882
Effective with a wide safety margin
Noxious taste and odor |
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Term
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Definition
| Widely used as a sleep agent in patent medicines; appeared in OTC drugs through the 1960s |
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Term
| Barbital (Veronal) became the first barbiturate to be used clinically in |
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Definition
|
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Term
| popular barbiturates include |
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Definition
| phenobarbital, amobarbital and secobarbital |
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Term
| Barbituates are grouped on the basis of |
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Definition
| the time of onset and duration of activity |
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Term
| Low-dose, long-acting forms of barbituates used for |
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Definition
| day time relief of anxiety |
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Term
| Higher-dose, shorter-acting forms of barbiturates used to |
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Definition
|
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Term
| short acting barbiturates |
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Definition
| pentobarbital, secobarbital |
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Term
| Short acting barbiturates time of onset and duration of action |
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Definition
|
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Term
| intermediate acting barbiturates |
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Definition
| amobarbital, butabarbital |
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Term
| intermediate acting barbiturates time of onset and duration of action |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| mephobarbital, phenobarbital |
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Term
| long acting barbiturates time of onset and duration of action |
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Definition
| 1 hour, 8 hours or longer |
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Term
|
Definition
Ultra-short acting barbiturate
Moves very rapidly into the brain |
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Term
| Administration of sodium pentathol |
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Definition
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Term
| Sodium pentathol is used as an |
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Definition
| an anesthetic for brief surgical procedures and make people relaxed and talkative (truth serum) |
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Term
| Thiopental is currently the first of the three drugs administered for the |
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Definition
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Term
| The first modern antianxiety agent (anxiolytic) |
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Definition
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Term
| Meprobamate was widely prescribed beginning in the |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| physical and psychological dependencies |
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Term
| Meprobamate is still available as a prescription drug, although largely replaced by |
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Definition
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Term
| Methaqualone is also called |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Despite problems in other countries, methaqualone (Quaalude, Sopor) was introduced in the United States in |
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Definition
|
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Term
| methaqualone No initial monitoring- Package insert |
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Definition
| read “Addiction potential not established |
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Term
| Methaqualone was overprescribed and |
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Definition
| quickly became widely misused and abused |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
| chlordiazepoxide (Librium) |
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Definition
| the first commercially marketed benzodiazepine |
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Term
| Introduction of chlordiazepoxide (Librium), the first commercially marketed benzodiazepine was in |
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Definition
|
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Term
| chlordiazepoxide (Librium) benefits |
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Definition
Reduces anxiety without inducing sleep
Much larger safety margin than barbiturates
Physical dependence rare
Overdose rare and usually only when combined with other depressants like alcohol |
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Term
| Diazepam (______), a lower-dose benzodiazepine, became for a time the best seller among all prescription drugs in |
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Definition
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Term
| Dependence and overdose of benzodiazapines can occur; _____ and ____ ______ are critical factors |
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Definition
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Term
| Overdose deaths more likely for drugs sold in _______ doses |
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Definition
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Term
| Psychological dependence more likely with drugs that have a rapid |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Physical dependence more likely with drugs that have a short |
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Definition
|
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Term
| A 1990s’ version of a “Mickey Finn” |
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Definition
| Benzodiazepines: Rohypnol |
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Term
| Benzodiazepines: Rohypnol when mixed with alcohol |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Benzodiazepines and barbiturates mechanism of action |
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Definition
Bond with brain receptors
Enhance the normally inhibitory effects of GABA |
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Term
| Nonbenzodiazepine hypnotics mechanism of action |
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Definition
Selectively target the GABA-A receptor
Seem to work better as sleeping pills than as antianxiety drugs |
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Term
| Nonbenzodiazepine hypnotics include |
|
Definition
| zolpidem (Ambien), zaleplon (Sonata), and eszopiclone (Lunesta) |
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Term
| Anxiolytics (anxiety-reducers) |
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Definition
| Sedatives often prescribed to reduce anxiety |
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Term
| Four benzodiazepines are among the top 100 most commonly prescribed medications in the United States |
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Definition
| (Xanax, Ativan, Klonopin, Valium) |
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Term
| Some ______ ________ respond to anxiolytics while others seem to be treated more effectively by antidepressants or behavior therapy |
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Definition
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Term
| Taking a large enough dose of a hypnotic drug helps a person get to sleep |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Today, fewer hypnotics are prescribed than in the past, and they are usually taken for only |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| tolerance, dependence, rebound insomnia, and “hangover” effects |
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Term
| After 1976, _____________ displaced __________ in the sleeping-pill market |
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Definition
| benzodiazepines, barbiturates |
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Term
| Safety issues raised that Halcion produces |
|
Definition
| adverse psychiatric reactions in some patients |
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Term
| Nonbenzodiazepine hypnotics |
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Definition
| Zolpidem (Ambien), Eszopiclone (Lunesta) |
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Term
|
Definition
| selectively to GABA-A receptors |
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Term
| Ambien has _____ onset and _____ duration of action |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Eszopiclone (Lunesta)is approved for |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Barbiturates and benzodiazepines, in low doses or combined with other anticonvulsants, may be prescribed for |
|
Definition
| seizure disorders (epilepsies) |
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Term
| Problems with using barbiturates and benzodiazepines for epilepsies |
|
Definition
Tolerance can make it difficult to find a dose that is effective but doesn’t cause excessive drowsiness
Abrupt withdrawal is likely to cause seizures |
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Term
| Psychological dependence—especially associated with _____-______ barbiturates |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| potentially life-threatening withdrawal syndrome linked to large doses of ______-_______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| anxiety, insomnia, tremulousness, weakness, nausea and vomiting, seizures, disorientation, agitation, delusions, and visual and auditory hallucinations |
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|
Term
| Benzodiazepine withdrawal |
|
Definition
| is less severe: anxiety, irritability, or insomnia |
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Term
|
Definition
| occurs among the barbiturates, the benzodiazepines, and alcohol |
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Term
|
Definition
Alcohol-like intoxication with impaired judgment and coordination
Increased risk of injury while driving or engaging in other activities
Additive effects if combined with alcohol |
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Term
|
Definition
Respiratory depression
Especially dangerous if combined with alcohol |
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Term
| Most abuse associated with _____ use of legally manufactured products |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Two typical types of abusers |
|
Definition
Older adults using prescription drug who develop tolerance and increase their dosage
Younger people who obtain drugs to get high; may take high doses and/or mix with alcohol |
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Term
| High-dose exposure to inhalants causes |
|
Definition
| intoxication, with effects similar to alcohol |
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|
Term
| Products that can be abused by inhalation include |
|
Definition
| gasoline, glue, paint, lighter fluid, spray cans, nail polish, correction fluid |
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Term
|
Definition
| petroleum, acetone, toluene |
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|
Term
| Volatile solvents include |
|
Definition
| Paint, paint thinner and remover, nail polish remover, correction fluid, glues, cements |
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|
Term
| Aerosols, propellants, and gases have |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Aerosols, propellants, and gases include |
|
Definition
| Spray paint, hair spray, lighters, whipped cream |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Current and former medical anesthetics |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| “Locker room,” “Rush,” “poppers” |
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|
Term
| Nitrous oxide (“______ ___”) was first used in the early _____s |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| nitrous oxide is still used for |
|
Definition
| light anesthesia, especially by dentists and as a propellant for commercial and home whipping-cream dispensers |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Relaxes blood vessels which increases blood flow, but also lowers blood pressure. |
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|
Term
| Nitrites are used for treatment of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| with high doses of nitrites there may be |
|
Definition
| lightheadedness or faintness |
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|
Term
| ________ _______ _____ __________has taken steps to remove poppers and other nitrites from the market since 1988 |
|
Definition
| Consumer Product Safety Commission |
|
|
Term
| Overly informative news articles and education programs actually demonstrated how |
|
Definition
| to abuse volatile solvents |
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|
Term
| Abuse of inhalants tends to occur as |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most abusers of inhalants are young because |
|
Definition
| solvents are readily available and inexpensive |
|
|
Term
| Gamma Hydroxybutyric Acid |
|
Definition
| Naturally-occurring chemical found in the brain and body |
|
|
Term
| Gamma Hydroxybutyric Acid is structurally similar to |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Gamma Hydroxybutyric Acid causes |
|
Definition
| CNS depression, especially when combined with alcohol |
|
|
Term
| Gamma Hydroxybutyric Acid has been used as |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Gamma Hydroxybutyric Acid has behavioral effects similar to |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Except for a specific formulation used to treat cataplexy, GHB is listed on |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A benzodiazepine with approximately ten-times the potency of Valium. |
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|
Term
| On Rohypnol (Flunitrazepam), sedation occurs ___ to ___ minutes after administration of a __-mg tablet and lasts for approximately ___-___ hours. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Rohypnol (Flunitrazepam)was never approved in US for medical use. Legal in ___ countries for Tx of insomnia and as a pre-anesthetic |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Rohypnol (Flunitrazepam) consequences |
|
Definition
| Schedule IV with Schedule I penalties |
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|
