Term
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Definition
the production of alcohol from sugars through the action of yeasts
Forms the basis of all alcoholic beverages |
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Definition
fermentation will begin
Fruits naturally contain sugar |
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| Cereal grains contain starch, which must be converted to sugar by malt before |
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Definition
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| Yeast has a limited _______ for alcohol |
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Definition
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| When the concentration of alcohol on yeast reaches a certain percentage (___% is possible, but standard for wine is about ___%) the yeast dies and fermentation ceases |
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Definition
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Definition
| evaporation and condensing of alcohol vapors to produce beverages with alcohol content higher than 15 percent |
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Term
| Distillation was first used in |
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Definition
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Term
| Distillation was introduced into Europe in the |
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Definition
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Term
| In U.S., distillation began on a large scale at the end of the |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| alcohol content of a distilled beverage; twice the percentage of alcohol by weight |
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Definition
| adding barley malt to other cereal grains |
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| ____ are added with yeast to give beer its distinctive flavor |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| uses a type of yeast that settles to the bottom of the mash to ferment |
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| Most common type of beer in US |
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Definition
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Definition
| uses a top-fermentation yeast, warmer fermentation temperature, more malt and hops |
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Definition
fermented longer at a cooler temperature
More sugar is converted to alcohol, then water added
Result is a beverage with similar alcohol content but less sugar (and fewer calories) than regular beer |
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Term
| Alcoholic beverages have been consumed for thousands of years, at least as far back as _____ BC (beer and berry wine) |
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Definition
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Term
| Grape wine has existed for over _____ years |
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Definition
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| Mead may date back to the Paleolithic Age, around ______ BC |
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Definition
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| Beer was consumed by ______ _________ at the time of Columbus’s landing |
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Definition
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Term
| Most beer sold in the United States is mass-produced by the two largest brewers |
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Definition
Anheuser-Busch
MillerCoors |
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Term
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Definition
| largest US-owned brewer that makes all of its beer in America |
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| Imported beers and microbreweries are ________ in popularity |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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| Most wines contain about ____% alcohol |
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Definition
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Term
| factors in quality of wine |
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Definition
| selection and cultivation of grapevines, good weather, timing of harvest, and careful monitoring of fermentation and aging |
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| Alcohol content in fortified wines is |
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Definition
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Term
| generic vs varietals is determined by |
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Definition
| type of grapes and flavor |
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Term
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Definition
| clear, tasteless, nearly pure alcohol (190 proof) produced by distillation |
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Term
| Grain neutral spirits use |
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Definition
| sold as Everclear or used in research |
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Term
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Definition
| commercial products as a gasoline additive, cleaner, solvent |
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Definition
| distillate filtered through juniper berries and then diluted with water |
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Term
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Definition
| mixture of grain neutral spirits and water |
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Term
| Grain neutral spirits contain relatively few |
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Definition
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Term
| It is _______ to sell the 190-proof variety in California, Florida, Hawaii, Iowa, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Nevada, New Hampshire, New York, North Carolina, Ohio and Washington. In Virginia it is legal, but it’s against state-controlled liquor stores to sell grain alcohol lacking distinctive color, odor and flavor. |
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Definition
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Term
| 151-proof is ________ available for sale in California, Florida, Iowa, Michigan, Minnesota, Nevada, North Dakota, Washington, and West Virginia. |
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Definition
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Term
| What gave whiskey its name |
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Definition
| Early U.S. distiller from Bourbon County, KY |
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Term
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Definition
| a lower proof (160) and so contains more congeners and some flavor from the grain used |
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Term
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Definition
| Rye whiskey, corn whiskey (bourbon), blended whiskey |
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Term
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Definition
| distillate of fermented malted barley |
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Term
| Whiskey is normally aged for at least |
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Definition
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Term
| Liqueurs or cordials alcohol content |
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Definition
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Term
| Liqueurs or cordials were originally made |
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Definition
| from brandy mixed with flavorings from herbs, berries, or nuts |
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Term
| Liqueurs or cordials are now made |
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Definition
| from flavored, diluted grain neutral spirits |
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Term
| Before American Revolution people drank more alcohol than _____ |
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Definition
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Term
| Drunkenness was viewed as |
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Definition
| misuse of positive product |
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Term
| After AR alcohol itself viewed as the |
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Definition
| cause of serious problems, an active agent of evil |
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Term
| Alcohol was first psychoactive substance to become |
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Definition
| demonized in American culture |
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Term
| Temperance movement was started by |
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Definition
| Benjamin Rush (1745-1813) |
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Term
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Definition
Initially promoted abstinence from distilled spirits and moderate consumption of beer and wine
Later promoted total abstinence
Became fashionable to “take the pledge” |
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Term
| Women's Christian Temperance Union |
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Definition
“Organized in 1874 by women who were concerned about the problems alcohol was causing their families and society.”
“The members chose total abstinence from all alcohol as their life style and protection of the home as their watchword.” |
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Term
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Definition
| Formed in 1869, against the commercial sale of alcohol and other drugs. |
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Term
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Definition
| worked for unification of public anti-alcohol sentiment, enforcement of existing temperance laws, and enactment of further anti-alcohol legislation. |
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Term
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Definition
Heavy drinking = health problems
Alcohol use damages morality
Alcohol addiction = a disease |
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Term
| States began passing prohibition laws in |
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Definition
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Term
| By 1917, ___% of Americans lived in “dry” territory |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| class, ethnicity, religion, immigration, and politics |
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Term
| People still drank ________ in speakeasies and private clubs and legally through purchase of patent medicines |
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Definition
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Term
| ___th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, banning the sale of alcohol, was ratified in January 1919 |
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Definition
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Term
| National prohibition went into effect in January ______ |
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Definition
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Term
| Prohibition was repealed by the |
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Definition
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Term
| Alcohol per capita sales and consumption ________ slowly until after World War II, when they returned to pre-Prohibition levels |
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Definition
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Term
| Use peaked in 1981, followed by a decline, mirroring patterns of |
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Definition
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Term
| About ____ of Americans abstain |
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Definition
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Term
| Average consumption among drinkers = about ___ drinks per day—but most drink far less |
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Definition
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Term
| Half of all alcohol consumed in the United States is consumed by about ___ percent of the drinkers |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Drinking rates higher in states where people experience a great deal of social stress and tension |
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Term
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Definition
| Drinking rates higher in states where people tend to approve of the use of alcohol to relieve stress |
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Term
| ___ percent of men and ___ percent of women drink more alcohol than federal guidelines recommend, according to a study that also found that __ percent of men and __ percent of women are full-fledged "heavy drinkers |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Males more likely to drink than females, and more likely to drink more |
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Term
| College students drink ____ than their nonstudent peers |
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Definition
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Term
| Many campuses have ______ sale and advertising of alcohol, and many fraternities have banned keg parties |
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Definition
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Term
| Today’s college students are _____ likely to drink and drive compared to students in the early 1980s |
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Definition
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Term
| Some absorbed in the stomach, most in the |
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Definition
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Term
| Absorption is ______ if there is food or water in the stomach |
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Definition
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Term
| Absorption is ________ in the presence of carbonated beverages |
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Definition
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Term
| Blood alcohol concentration (BAC) |
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Definition
| is a measure of the concentration of alcohol in blood, expressed as a percentage in terms of grams per 100 ml |
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Term
| Alcohol is distributed throughout |
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Definition
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Term
| Alcohol is ____ distributed in fatty tissues, so a lean person will have a lower BAC than a fatter person of the same weight |
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Definition
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Term
| Liver metabolizes about ____ ounces of alcohol per hour |
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Definition
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Term
| If rate of intake = rate of metabolism, |
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Definition
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Term
| If rate of intake exceeds rate of metabolism, |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The relationship between blood alcohol concentration and alcohol intake |
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Term
| Standard drink has about ____ ounces of pure alcohol |
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Definition
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Term
1 drink is
__ ounces of beer
__ ounces of wine
__ ounce of 100-proof spirits
___ ounces of 80 proof |
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Definition
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Term
| Women tend to be _____ susceptible than men to the effects of alcohol after consuming the same amount |
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Definition
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Term
| Alcohol dehydrogenase (a stomach enzyme) is _____ active in men |
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Definition
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Term
| Women absorb a ______ proportion of the alcohol they drink |
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Definition
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Term
| Women tend to weigh -____ and have a _______ proportion of body fat |
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Definition
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Term
| About __ percent of alcohol is excreted unchanged |
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Definition
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Term
| About ___ percent is metabolized in the liver |
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Definition
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Term
| Exercise, coffee, and other strategies ___ ____ speed up the rate of metabolism |
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Definition
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Term
| Liver responds to chronic intake of alcohol by ________ enzyme activity |
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Definition
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Term
| Liver responds to chronic intake of alcohol by increasing enzyme activity does what two things |
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Definition
Contributes to tolerance among heavy users
Can result in cross-tolerance to other depressants |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Used as anesthetic until the late |
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Definition
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Term
| Similar to barbiturates and benzodiazepines, it enhances the inhibitory effect of |
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Definition
| GABA at the GABA-A receptor |
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Term
| At high doses, it blocks the effects of the excitatory transmitter |
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Definition
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Term
| It affects what three neurons |
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Definition
| dopamine, serotonin, and acetylcholine |
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Term
| Blood alcohol concentration determines |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| complex and abstract behaviors disrupted |
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Term
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Definition
| simpler behaviors also affected |
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Term
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Definition
| euphoria, reduced anxieties, and reduced inhibitions |
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Term
| A ______ BAC is needed to impair a chronic heavy drinker |
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Definition
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Term
| Expectations (placebo effects) explain many of the effects on |
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Definition
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Term
| Alcohol use serves as a social signal for a time-out |
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Definition
| from responsibilities, work, and seriousness |
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Term
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Definition
| Intoxicated individuals focus on the here and now, with little care for future consequences |
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Term
| Less than __ percent of all traffic crash fatalities are linked to alcohol use |
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Definition
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Term
| Risk of a fatal crash is _____-related |
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Definition
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Term
| Single-vehicle fatalities are _____ likely to involve alcohol than are multiple-vehicle fatalities |
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Definition
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Term
| Alcohol-related fatalities are more likely to occur during |
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Definition
| dark hours and on weekends |
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Term
| Men are ____ likely than women to be involved in an alcohol-related fatal crash |
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Definition
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Term
| Anyone who drinks and drives (not just problem drinkers) is a |
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Definition
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Term
| Three current efforts against drinking and driving |
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Definition
Keep repeat offenders off the road
Publicize the dangers of drinking and driving
Target younger drinkers for special prevention efforts |
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Term
| Sexual behavioral effects |
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Definition
Alcohol use enhances interest in sex but impairs physiological arousal
Linked to unsafe sex |
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Term
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Definition
| A danger sign of excessive alcohol use |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
begin and end at definitive points with full permanent amnesia for interim events, and require high blood alcohol concentrations (BACs) that disrupt limbic areas to prevent consolidation of encoded stimuli into lasting memory traces. Thus, EBs reflect a loss of ability to place
all perceptions occurring in a specific interval into long-term memory. Sweeney (1989) aptly referred to this not as a process of forgetting, but rather one of not remembering. |
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Term
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Definition
| involve a more transient, perhaps forgetful, memory loss for which aspects of experience are recalled via provision of pertinent cues. Thus, memory traces form but require facilitation to be accessed. |
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Term
| alcohol use is statistically related to violence like |
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Definition
Homicide
Assault, including family violence, sexual assault, and date rape
Suicide |
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Term
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Definition
| Dilation of peripheral blood vessels means that drinkers lose body heat but feel warm |
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Term
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Definition
| Alcohol has a diuretic effect that can lower blood pressure in some people |
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Term
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Definition
| Chronic abusers of alcohol can develop a variety of hormone-related disorders |
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Term
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Definition
5 drinks in a row for a man on a single occ.
4 drinks in a row for a woman on a single occ. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| If someone drinks enough to pass out |
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Definition
Place her or him on side and monitor breathing or take to ER immediately
Do not leave the person alone |
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Term
| If someone drinks enough to vomit |
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Definition
He or she should stop drinking
Vomiting reflex indicates a rapidly rising BAC but is suppressed at BACs above 0.20 percent |
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Term
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Definition
| upset stomach, fatigue, headache, thirst, depression, anxiety, and general malaise |
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Term
| Possible causes of a hangover |
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Definition
| alcohol withdrawal, exposure to congeners, cellular dehydration, gastric irritation, reduced blood sugar, and/or the accumulation of acetaldehyde |
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Term
| _______ drinking is the only way to avoid a hangover |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| hepatitis, fatty liver, cirrhosis |
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Term
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Definition
| cardiomyopathy, heart attack, hypertension, stroke |
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Term
| Alcohol’s effects on HDL may ______ heart attack risk among moderate drinkers |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| personal, family, social, and professional functioning |
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Term
| Approximately $____ billion are spent annually dealing with social and health problems related to alcohol use |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder |
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Term
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Definition
| is a series of mental and physical birth defects that can include mental retardation, growth deficiencies, central nervous system dysfunction, craniofacial abnormalities and behavioral maladjustment's |
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Term
| Three diagnostic criteria of fetal alcohol syndrome |
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Definition
Growth retardation before and/or after birth
Pattern of abnormal features of the face and head
Evidence of central nervous system abnormality |
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Term
| Incidence of FAS in America is ____ cases per ______ live births |
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Definition
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Term
| Incidence of babies born with disabilities due to prenatal alcohol exposure is 1/____ |
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Definition
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Term
| Drinking during pregnancy increases risk of pregnancy are safe or that they are unsafe |
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Definition
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Term
| Data _______ prove that low levels of alcohol use during pregnancy are safe or that they are unsafe |
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Definition
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Term
| Problems associated with fetal alcohol syndrome |
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Definition
Difficulty storing and retrieving information
Inconsistent performance ("on" and "off") days
Impulsivity, distractibility, disorganization
Ability to repeat instructions, but inability to put them into action ("talk the talk but don't walk the walk")
Memory problems |
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Term
| FASD is the leading known cause of _____ _________ in the western civilization. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| mental retardation, central nervous dysfunction, organ dysfunction and facial abnormalities |
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Term
| Behavioral problems of FASD children can be as severe as those with |
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Definition
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Term
| FASD crosses all _____-_______ _____ and effects all ______. |
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Definition
| socio-economic groups, races |
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Term
| Alcohol is broken down much more slowly in a fetus than in an adult's body. As a result, the alcohol level of the fetus’s blood can be even _______ and can remain elevated _____ than in the mother's blood. |
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Definition
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Term
| Abstinence syndrome is medically more severe and more deadly than |
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Definition
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Term
| Abstinence syndrome occurs in |
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| tremors, rapid heartbeat, hypertension, heavy sweating, loss of appetite, insomnia |
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Term
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Definition
| hallucinations (auditory, visual, and/or tactile |
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Term
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Definition
| delusions, disorientation, delirium |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Initial detoxification should be carried out in an |
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Definition
| inpatient medical setting |
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Term
| Sedatives given in stage 1 or 2 |
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Definition
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Term
| Some symptoms can last for up to |
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Definition
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Term
| Alcoholics Anonymous view— |
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Definition
alcohol dependence as a disease—became popular beginning in the 1940s and 1950s
A progressive disease characterized by loss of control over drinking
Only treatment is abstinence from alcohol |
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Term
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Definition
| alcohol dependence is the primary disease and not the result of another underlying cause |
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Term
| Criticisms of disease model |
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Definition
What is the cause of the disease?
Why don’t all dependent drinkers exhibit the same symptoms? |
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Term
| APA defines ______ ____ ____ _______ and includes alcohol as a _________ substance |
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Definition
| substance abuse and dependence, psychoactive substances |
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Term
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Definition
| is a maladaptive pattern indicated by continued use despite knowledge of having persistent problems caused by alcohol |
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Term
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Definition
| involves more serious psychosocial characteristics and includes the physiological factors of tolerance and withdrawal among the possible symptoms |
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Term
| Cognitive and genetic factors are potential underlying causes of |
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Definition
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