Term
| Most drugs come from ____ or are ____ ____ __ _____ |
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Definition
| plants, chemically derived from plants |
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Definition
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| complete chemical description of the molecule |
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| Official (legal) name, listed in the United States Pharmacopoeia (USP) |
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Definition
| Specific drug or formulation trademarked by manufacturer. Can be patented for 20 years. |
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Definition
Stimulants
Depressants
Opioids (narcotics)
Hallucinogens
Psychotherapeutics |
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Definition
| can be stimulant, hallucinogens |
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Definition
| can cause stimulant and depressant properties |
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Definition
| anything that contains THC like Marijuana, hash, and hashish |
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Term
| Three parts of stimulants |
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Definition
Increase heart rate
Stay awake longer
Increase body functions |
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Definition
Slow down body functions
By definition, all narcotics are depressants but not all depressants are narcotics |
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Definition
| Primary role is to reduce pain |
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Definition
Causes you to hallucinate
Auditory
Visual
Tactile (touch) |
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Definition
Example: mood changing substances like anti-depressants
Normally prescribed for mental health issues |
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Term
| It is important that both legal and illicit drugs be identifiable |
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Definition
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Term
| The Physician’s Desk Reference (PDR) |
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Definition
| includes color photographs of many legally manufactured pharmaceuticals |
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Term
| Illegal drugs are sometimes shaped, marked, or packaged in an ______ way |
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Definition
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Term
| Drugs can be tested and identified through |
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Definition
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Term
| It is not uncommon for ecstasy to be sold in forms that look similar to |
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Definition
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Term
| Three types of drug effects |
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Definition
placebo
specific
non-specific |
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Definition
| perceived effects of a drug that do not actually come from the drug |
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Definition
| what it is intended to do because it is present in the body |
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Definition
| not necessarily about the drug being involved in the system. Your background, history, expectations, and environment (setting). Rely on the individual, and their individual reaction to the drug. |
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Term
| Because of nonspecific effects, _______ tests are needed to evaluate the effectiveness of a drug |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Neither the test subjects nor the evaluators knows whether a subject is receiving an experimental drug or a placebo until the drug trial is over |
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Term
| Dose response relationship |
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Definition
| correlation between the response and the substance taken |
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Term
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Definition
| the point of the first response observed by an individual |
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Definition
| ED50 refers to the effective dose for half the animal subjects in a drug test |
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Term
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Definition
| LD50 refers to the lethal dose for half of the animal subjects in a drug test |
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Definition
LD50/ED50
Always greater than one |
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Definition
| the amount of a drug needed to produce an effect |
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Definition
| the point at which the body can no longer tolerate it |
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Definition
| – a margin between threshold and toxicity |
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Term
| Timing of the _____, ________, and ________ of their effects |
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Definition
| onset, duration, and termination |
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Term
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Definition
| depends on method of administration |
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Definition
| keep taking it back to back |
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Definition
| multiple doses of the drug in a short amount of time |
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Definition
| when you feel the effects of the drug |
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Definition
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Definition
| when you stop feeling the effects |
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Term
| Four routes of of administration |
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Definition
inhalation
injection
ingestion
topical application |
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Term
| Drugs administered through oral ingestion have to go through |
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Definition
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Term
| Drugs administered through oral ingestion must withstand the digestive processes and pass through the |
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Definition
| cells lining the GI tract into the bloodstream |
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Term
| Drugs administered through oral ingestion from the GI tract travel |
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Definition
| through veins first to the liver, where they may be metabolized |
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Term
| All substances metabolized by the body go through the |
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Definition
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Term
| Six aspects of IV injection |
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Definition
Effects are rapid
High concentrations can be delivered
Irritating material can be injected
Veins can be damaged over time
Infections can be directly introduced into the bloodstream |
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Term
| Two aspects of subcutaneous injection |
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Definition
Skin popping
Can cause necrosis |
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Term
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Definition
| Absorption is more rapid than skin popping from intramuscular injection due to the greater blood supply in muscles |
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Term
| Which is the fastest route of drug administration |
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Definition
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Term
| Inhalation: drug moves from the lungs into the bloodstream through |
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Definition
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Term
| Inhalation: effects are rapid because |
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Definition
| blood moves quickly from the lungs to the brain |
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Term
| Absorption through the skin can provide |
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Definition
| slow, steady drug delivery |
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Term
| Topical: Absorption through the _____ _______ occurs more rapidly |
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Definition
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Term
| Transport in the blood: some drug molecules attach to ______ molecules; they are ______ in this state |
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Definition
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Term
| Transport in the blood: _____ (unbound) drug molecules can move to _____ __ _____ in the body |
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Definition
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Term
| Transport in blood: Drugs vary in their |
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Definition
| affinity for binding with plasma proteins |
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Term
| Some drugs can’t cross the blood-brain barrier so they act only on |
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Definition
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Term
| Only ________ substances can leave capillaries in the brain |
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Definition
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Term
| Many brain capillaries are covered with ____ _____, also increasing the difficulty for |
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Definition
| glial cells, compounds to pass out of the capillaries |
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Term
| Active transport systems may be needed to |
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Definition
| move chemicals in and out of the brain |
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Term
| _____ and _______ can impair the blood-brain barrier |
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Definition
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Term
| Drug action has effects on what two things |
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Definition
Effects on all neurons
Effects on specific neurotransmitter systems |
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Term
| Two drug action effects on neurotransmitter systems |
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Definition
Drugs may alter the availability of a neurotransmitter by changing the rate of synthesis, metabolism, release, or reuptake
Drugs may activate or prevent the activation of a receptor |
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Term
| Depressants + depressants |
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Definition
| Body slows super far down |
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Term
| Stimulants + antidepressants |
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Definition
High blood pressure
Arrhythmia |
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Term
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Definition
| People engage in extremely dangerous behaviors. Now they have an extremely alert drunk person. They are not aware they are as drunk as they are |
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Term
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Definition
| Your body creates Cocaethylene, which may cause harm. No conclusive research. |
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Term
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Definition
| A drug ceases to have an effect when it is excreted unchanged from the body or is chemically changed |
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Term
| The key drug-metabolizing liver enzymes are a group known as |
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Definition
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Term
| When the drug has been metabolized by CYP450, what are two aspects of the resulting metabolite? |
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Definition
The resulting metabolite no longer has the same action as the drug
The resulting metabolite can be excreted by the kidneys |
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Term
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Definition
| When the body’s cells detect the presence of a foreign drug, they trigger production of more of the specific metabolizing enzyme |
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Term
| Enzyme induction causes what two things? |
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Definition
Causes tolerance
Causes interaction of drugs broken down by the same enzyme |
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Term
| Enzyme activity returns to normal some time after |
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Definition
| the inducing drug is no longer being used |
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Term
| Enzyme induction and tolerance can occur after use of (4) |
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Definition
| prescription and OTC drugs, dietary supplements, or illicit drugs |
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Term
| Drug disposition tolerance |
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Definition
| your system metabolizes it differently so you don’t feel the same effect because your body learns to metabolize the drug. |
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Term
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Definition
| learned behavior. Not the amount in your system, but you learn to adapt your behavior under the influence of that substance |
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Term
| Pharmacodynamic tolerance |
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Definition
| sensitivity of neurons changes through exposure over time. Generally what people who go through withdrawal experience. |
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