Term
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Definition
| Cross (1981) - Characteristics of Adults as Learners (CAL) model; no known research to support; used as guidelines for adult learning programs |
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Term
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Definition
| Malcolm Knowles (1984) - theory for adult learning; adults are self-directed and expect to take responsibility for decisions |
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Term
| Experiential Learning Theory |
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Definition
| Carl Rogers (1969) - applied knowledge; addresses needs and wants of the learner; personal involvement, self-initiatied, evaluated by learner, pervasive effects on learner |
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Term
| Information Processing Theory |
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Definition
| George A. Miller (1956) - "chunking" = short-term memory holding 7, +/- 2, groups of info at a time; TOTE (Test-Operate-Test-Exit) = basic unit of behavior, human cognition |
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Term
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Definition
| Howard Gardner (1982) - seven primary forms of intelligence: linguistic, musical, logical-mathematical, spatial, body-kinesthetic, interpersonal (insight), interpersonal (social) |
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Term
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Definition
| Roger Schank (1975) - conceptual dependency theory - memory organized around personal experiences; fills in missing information in life scripts; dynamic memory |
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Term
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Definition
| Albert Bandura (1977) - observing & modeling behaviors, attitudes, and emotional reactions of others; spans cognitive & behavioral frameworks |
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Term
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Definition
| B. Weiner (1974) - how individuals interpret events and how that relates to their thinking and behavior; attribute causes to behavior; motivation |
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Term
| Cognitive Dissonance Theory |
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Definition
| Leon Festinger (1957) - dissonance = inconsistency between attitudes or behaviors; people seek consistency; relevant to decision-making and problem-solving |
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Term
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Definition
| Jack Mezirow (1991) - meaning structures; learners interpret and reinterpret their sense experience; developed through reflection |
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Term
Adult Learning Theory:
Personal Characteristics |
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Definition
| aging, life phases, and developmental stages; sensory-motor abilities decrease & intelligence abilities increase; life phases involve plateaus and transitions not necessarily related to age |
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Term
Adult Learning Theory:
Situational Characteristics |
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Definition
| part-time versus full-time learning; voluntary versus compulsory learning; |
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Term
Adult Learning Theory:
Principles |
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Definition
1. Programs should capitalize on experience
2. They should adapt to aging limitations
3. They should challenge adults to personally develop
4. Adults should have choice in availability and organization of program |
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Term
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Definition
1. Adults should help plan and evaluate their instruction
2. Experience (including mistakes) is basis
3. Needs to be relevant to job or life
4. problem-centered rather than content-oriented |
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Term
Experiential Learning:
Principles |
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Definition
1. subject matter relevant to personal interests of learner
2. faster when threat to self is low
3. self-initiated learning
4. personal change and growth
5. learner has control over instruction |
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Term
Information Processing Theory:
Principles |
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Definition
1. Short term memory is limited to 7 chunks at a time
2. planning (in TOTE form) is fundamental
3. behavior is hierarchically organized |
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Term
Multiple Intelligences:
Principles |
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Definition
1. use preferred intelligence and make it stronger
2. appeal to different forms of intelligence
3. measure multiple forms of intelligence |
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Term
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Definition
1. conceptualization - act on an object in a direction
2. conceptualizations analyzed by primitive acts
3. All memory episodic
4. can make inferences and understand verbal/written discourse
5. goals and plans for higher level expectations |
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Term
Social Learning:
Principles |
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Definition
1. code modeled behavior into words, labels or images
2. adopt modeled behavior if results in outcomes they value
3. adopt modeled behavior if model is similar to observer |
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Term
Attribution Theory:
Principles |
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Definition
1. three stages: (1) behavior observed, (2) behavior is deliberate, (3) attributed to internal or external causes
2. achievement attributed to effort, ability, level of task difficulty, luck
3. causal dimension sare locus of control, stability, and controllability |
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Term
Cognitive Dissonance Theory:
Principles |
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Definition
1. dissonance results when someone chooses btw attitudes and behaviors that are contradictory
2. can be eliminated by reducing importance of beliefs, getting new beliefs, or remove attitude or behavior |
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Term
Transformational Theory:
Principles |
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Definition
1. adults exhbit: instrumental (cause/effect) and communicative (feelings)
2. change the meaning structure
3. change occurs through reflection, content, process
4. refining/elaborating meaning schemes, learning new schemes, transforming schemes, transforming perspectives |
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