Term
|
Definition
Amorphous (Diatomaceous earth, silica gel, silica fume)
Crystalline (quartz, tridymite, cristobalite) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| PEL = 0.1 mg/m3 (if 100 % silica), TLV = 0.025 mg/m3 |
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|
Term
| The Gauley Bridge disaster was an overexposure of what chemical? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Progressive Massive Fibrosis in Silicosis |
|
|
Term
| Complications of silicosis |
|
Definition
| Emphysema, tuberculosis, cancer |
|
|
Term
| Silica is toxic to what cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A naturally occurring, silicate mineral fiber (MgSi compounds) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
serpertine (chrysotile)
amphibole (amosite, crosidolite) |
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|
Term
| Asbestos disease characterized by diffuse interstitial scar tissue... non-malignant. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| 3 types of cancer caused by asbestos |
|
Definition
bronchogenic lung cancer
pleural mesothelioma
peritoneal mesothelioma |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| National Emission standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants |
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Term
|
Definition
| Asbestos Hazard Emergency Response Act |
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Term
|
Definition
| Asbestos School Hazard and Abatement Reauthorization Act |
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Term
|
Definition
Work controls - protective clothing, wet removal, etc.
Respirators |
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|
Term
| Asbestos and smoking have a ____ effect. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| High solubility, acute lung irritants |
|
Definition
SO2, HCl, NH3
Upper airway bronchoconstriction
Good warning properties |
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|
Term
| Low solubility, acute lung irritants |
|
Definition
O3, NO2, phosgene
Alveolar region, pulmonary edema
minimal warning |
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|
Term
| Very high reactivity, acute lung irritants |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| 2 types of allergic lung disease |
|
Definition
Occupational Asthma
Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis |
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Term
|
Definition
| antigen --> b lymph --> antibodies |
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|
Term
| ____ is a clinical syndrome characterized by increased responsiveness of the tracheobronchial tree to a variety of stimuli...” |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Asthma attacks are controlled by _____ |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| 3 causes of occupational asthma |
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Definition
| chemical, animal, vegetable |
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Term
|
Definition
Irritant: Direct Inflammation of Mucous Membranes
Allergen: Immunologic response to specific agent |
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|
Term
| Repeated exposure to irritant = ? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Repeated exposure to allergens = ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Byssinosis
Caused by bacterial endotoxins |
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|
Term
| Chronic lung disease results from ____ and ____ |
|
Definition
| inflammation and fibrosis |
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|
Term
| ____ is characterized by synthesis of connective tissue, space-occupying lesions, and scarring |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| ____ causes increased vascular permeability, swelling, edema, and cellular changes |
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Definition
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|
Term
| ___ includes bronchitis and emphysema, and is caused by smoking, air pollution, and occupational dust. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 3 mechanisms of airway obstruction |
|
Definition
| wall thickening, edema, loss of attachment sites |
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|
Term
| Disease caused by alveolar destruction |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| ____ is a marker of lung inflammation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| lung fibrosis occurs in ___ lung disease. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Coal workers Pneumoconiosis |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| progressive massive fibrosis, decreased lung function, death |
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|
Term
| Most common way of diagnosing Pneumoconioses |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ occur when coronary arteries are blocked leading to ischemia and tissue death. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Mechanism of PM causing heart attacks |
|
Definition
| Exposure --> inflammation --> Increased blood coaguability --> blood clot --> coronary blockage --> heart attack |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Mold, animal dander, human infectious agents |
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|
Term
| ________ may be caused by tight buildings with inadequate ventilation. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Causes of indoor CO exposure |
|
Definition
| faulty heating equipment, car exhaust |
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|
Term
| ____ is the second leading cause of lung cancer in US and is a concern of indoor air pollution. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Itai-Itai Disease is caused by? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____ exposure causes siderosis, a benign pneumoconiosis |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ is used in steel alloy, welding, and dry cell batteries. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ is a neurotoxin that causes "wobbly-gait" disease and a form of parkinsonism. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ causes garlic breath. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ causes metal fume fever. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| ____ exposure causes Shaver's Disease, a benign pneumoconiosis, and has possible involvement with Alzheimer's. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ is used as an anticancer drug, but can also be a reproductive toxin. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ exposure is what caused the "blue boys". |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| The trivalent form of _______ is most toxic, causing skin and lung cancer. It is an A_ toxin. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ causes berylliosis, and lung cancer. It is an A_ toxin. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ causes corrosive holes, is an A1 toxin, causes lung cancer, and was involved in Erin Brockovich. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| _______ is a neurotoxin that caused the Minamata contamination. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ causes a black line in the gums of those exposed, is a neurotoxin, hematopoetic toxin, nephrotoxin, and reproductive toxin. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lead removal happens at blood levels greater than ___ ug/dl. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Material used to dissolve another material. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ describes a liquid's tendency to evaporate. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Higher/Lower vapor pressure = more readily evaporates. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Vapor pressure increases with _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures |
|
Definition
Total pressure is the sum of the component pressures.
partial pressure = total pressure x fract. concentration
where total pressure = 760mmHg |
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|
Term
| Maximum Equilibrium concentration calculation |
|
Definition
| VP/760 = concentration (fractional) |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| VHR = max. equil. conc./TLV |
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|
Term
| temperature at which the VP equals atm. press. at the surface of the liquid |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| lowest temperature at which enough vapor is given off to propagate a flame with an ignition source |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Flash Point for flammable materials |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Flash Point for combustible liquids |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| temperature at which there is enough vapor to support continuous combustion (for 5 seconds) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fire Point is usually __ degrees F above the flash point |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| temperature at which combustion will automatically occur (self-ignition and self-sustaining) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| lowest concentration, at or above which, in the presence of an ignition source, an explosion can occur |
|
Definition
| LEL, Lower Explosion Limit |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| LEL = VP at flash point/760 x 10^6 |
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|
Term
| ________ are straight chain hydrocarbons that are generally not biologically active. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____ is a "toxic exception" to the fact that aliphatic hydrocarbons are not biologically active. It causes: |
|
Definition
n-Hexane:
demyelination of axons
peripheral neuropathy |
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|
Term
| ________ like alkenes and alkynes are biologically active. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ have a pleasant aroma and are based off of benzenes. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| aplastic anemia, acute myelogenous leukemia |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| brain damage, hearing loss |
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|
Term
| _____ hydrocarbons are synergistic effects with alcohol, cause cardiac arrhythmia with high exposure, and some are carcinogenic but most are target-organ toxic |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ________ cause methemoglobinemia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is methemoglobinemia? |
|
Definition
| When Fe2+ oxidizes to Fe3+ |
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|
Term
| Compounds containing amines are ____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What oxygen-containing hydrocarbon is flammable? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ________ causes blindness and can only be reversed by consuming lots of ethanol. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____ are aromatic hydrocarbons that are flammable, are absorbed through the skin, and are toxic to the kidney and heart. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____ are highly flammable hydrocarbons but are non-toxic, with the exception of ____. |
|
Definition
| Ketones ... methyl n-butyl ketone |
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|
Term
| ______ can be sensitizers, reactive air pollutants, or carcinogens. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _______ are known as cellosolves and are possible reproductive toxins. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Photochemical reactions plus hydrocarbons = ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Substitution, isolation, housekeeping, personal protective equipment, ventilation, training, eliminate sources of ignition |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The ____ Act is considered the key act in OS&H because OSHA came from it. |
|
Definition
| Williams-Steiger Act (1970) |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Occupational Safety & Health Review Commission |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| National Advisory Commission on OSH |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| National Commission on Workers’ Comp |
|
|
Term
| What organization's responsibility is in research and education? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____ reviews contested citations, as well as penalties and abatement periods. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 3 types of OSHA standards |
|
Definition
| Initially incorporated, permanent, emergency |
|
|
Term
| Emergency standards are effective immediately, but must be replaced by permanent standards within ____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| standards which stipulate fixed requirements |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| standards that specify the end result to be reached, but not the method to get there |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Apply to specific industries |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Apply to industry in general |
|
|
Term
| Vinyl chloride causes ____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ethylene Oxide causes _____. |
|
Definition
| reproductive problems, cancer |
|
|
Term
| Methylene chloride causes ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| OSHA's confined space requirements maintain that 3 positions must be held when going into a confined space... what are the conditions? |
|
Definition
Attendant, Entrant, Entry Supervisor
Attendant and Entry Supervisor can be one person. |
|
|
Term
| What Supreme Court ruling requires an OSHA officer to have a warrant before searching. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
serious
non-serious
willful (“knowing” in IN)/egregious
repeat
failure to abate
de minimus |
|
|
Term
| "Good Faith" penalty reduction |
|
Definition
| fixing the problem that you were cited for immediately, while the inspector is still there |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Toxic Substances Control Act |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| PBB in cattle feed... lots of financial damages, gave OSHA authority to control new chemicals |
|
|
Term
| Three Acts as a result of TSCA |
|
Definition
| AHERA, Indoor Radon Abatement Act, Residential Lead-Based Paint Hazard Reduction Act |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Resource Conservation & Recovery Act |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation & Liability Act |
|
|
Term
| CERCLA created ATSDR, which stands for: |
|
Definition
| Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Superfund Amendment & Reauthorization Act |
|
|
Term
| SARA gave the EPA additional authority in the areas of: |
|
Definition
CRTK (community right to know)
Underground Storage Tanks (UST)
Emergency Response
Indoor Air Quality
hazardous waste operations and emergency response regulations for workers (HAZWOPER) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Nuclear Regulatory Commission |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Energy Research and Development Agency |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Department of Energy (originally ERDA) |
|
|
Term
| Henry’s Law is a relation that fundamentally describes |
|
Definition
| The amount of gas dissolved in a liquid |
|
|
Term
| Cigarette smoke interferes with which method of clearance? |
|
Definition
| mucociliary and phagocytosis |
|
|
Term
| Temperature inversion was a factor in which disasters? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Large particulates are carried out of the airstream and deposit in the lung tissues via their relatively large momentum. This process is known as? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Units of asbestos concentration |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| primary target organ for inorganic mercury |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Smoking cigarettes provides significant exposure to _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The CDC's current action level for Pb is _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Metal involved in Wilson's Disease |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Metal Fume Fever is mainly associated with ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| MSDS's are required by what committee of OSHA? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True or False: If an OSHA inspector identifies an imminent danger during an inspection, he/she has the authority to stop the operation and order an evacuation. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The _______ of arterial blood is the measure of the amount of dissolved O2 in blood. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which acts more quickly? Mucociliary clearance or phagocytosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Temperature inversions have played a critical role in air pollution disasters because? |
|
Definition
| They concentrate pollutants close to the ground. |
|
|
Term
| Ozone in the atmosphere primarily comes from? |
|
Definition
| the interaction of other pollutants with sunlight |
|
|
Term
| Factors thought to enhance the toxicity of PM2.5 are? |
|
Definition
| large SA, ability to penetrate the lung, chemical composition |
|
|
Term
| Why is Aerodynamic Diameter used in reference to toxic aerosols rather than normal diameter? |
|
Definition
| AD determines the penetration into the deepest parts of the lung |
|
|
Term
| Why is the cyclone a useful devise in air sampling? |
|
Definition
| It is used to obtain a sample of respirable particles. |
|
|
Term
| An approximate range for the diameter of nanoparticles is ____nm? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lung condition caused by an allergic reaction in the alveolar region in the lung. |
|
Definition
| Hypersensitivity pneumonitis |
|
|
Term
| What disease is a major concern for PM2.5 exposure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Over the past two years, what trend have ozone levels taken? |
|
Definition
| They've decreased, but are still a concern. |
|
|
Term
| Exposure to radon may cause ____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| People with obstructive lung disease usually show what in a spirometry? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A toxic substance found in cotton dust which may cause lung problems is _____? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| High/Low solubility makes a substance more damaging to the alveolar region of the lung. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do amphibole and serpentine asbestos fibers differ? |
|
Definition
| Amphibole are more straight |
|
|
Term
| The Gauley Bridge Disaster involved many deaths due to acute/chronic silicosis. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Muriel Rukeyser commented on the Gauley Bridge Disaster by: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| For mixtures, the Hazard Communication Standard requires that hazard info be suppolied on the MSDS for any component greater than ___% if considered a hazardous chemical and ___% if considered a carcinogen. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 3 characteristics of a confined space |
|
Definition
| Large enough for a person to enter, not intended for continuous occupancy, limited entry or exit |
|
|
Term
| If a confined space is found to contain a hazardous atmosphere, it is refereed to as a ________. |
|
Definition
| Permit-required confined space |
|
|
Term
| The ____ was a regulatory act initially adopted in 1977 that among other things, established the NAAQS and NESHAPS. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The ______ was a regulatory act adopted in 1976 that requires manufacturers to perform toxicity testing and file a PMN at least 90 days before the release of a new chemical into the market. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The _____ was a regulatory act initially adopted in 1976 that requires the responsibility of properly managing hazardous chemicals from "the cradle to the grave", including issues dealing with treatment, storage and disposal of chemical wastes. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The _____ was a regulatory act that was created a mechanism to deal with uncontrolled and abandoned hazardous waste sites, including handling emergencies. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The ____ was a regulatory act that created authority for indoor air quality activities required OSHA to establish a hazardous waste operationa nd emergyresponse regulation for workers and created authority in the area of community right to know. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Federal agency in charge of enforcing RCRA, Superfund, SARA, etc. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 4 Requirements that of the Hazard Communication Standard that must be provided to workers. |
|
Definition
| MSDS, Labeling, Training, Written Program |
|
|
Term
| What is the most toxic form of chromium? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lead biological limit for removal from work |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lead biological limit for return to work after being removed. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How long does the medical removal protection provision of the OSHA lead standard provide protection? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What workers' rights are protected by the medical removal protection program of the OSHA lead standard? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What OSHA regulated chemical (other than lead) has standards for biological monitoring and air concentrations? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What makes n-hexane and methyl n-butyl ketone toxic? |
|
Definition
| They are toxic metabolites. |
|
|
Term
| Result of overexposure to a toxic metabolite? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Two types of damage to nerve cells exposed to neurotoxins |
|
Definition
| axonal degeneration, myelin sheath degredation |
|
|
Term
| What are the three major different types of standard health effects attributed to organic solvents? |
|
Definition
| CNS effects, respiratory irritation, skin irritation |
|
|
Term
| What are three chemical properties that connect the liquid volume of a chemical to its equivalent vapor volume? |
|
Definition
| Density, MW, Molar volume |
|
|
Term
| If there is no existing OSHA standard but it can be established that a commonly recognized hazard exists, and OSHA officer can still cite an employer under the _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Flu-like symptoms caused from overexposure to metals. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If a worker has a wound from metal that won't seem to heal, the metal that likely caused it was _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Methanol can cause blindness due to what metabolite? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Who discovered pulmonary circulation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Who studied the role of O2 and CO2 in respiration? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Function of the respiratory system |
|
Definition
| Gas exchange between blood and air |
|
|
Term
| 3 Functions of upper resp. tract |
|
Definition
| Conditions air, removes particles, speech |
|
|
Term
| Lung Structure from top to bottom |
|
Definition
| Trachea, Bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles, respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs |
|
|
Term
| 2 factors affecting gas exchange in the lung periphery |
|
Definition
| Total Alveolar surface area and distance between the alveoli and the red blood cells. |
|
|
Term
| Chemical asphyxiation by CO poisoning |
|
Definition
| CO binds to Hb, forming carboxyhemoglobin and keeping O2 from binding to Hb |
|
|
Term
| Chemical asphyxiation by methemoglobinemia |
|
Definition
| Aniline + Hb --> Methemoglobinemia ... keeps hemoglobin from binding to O2 |
|
|
Term
| 5 types of respiratory insufficiency |
|
Definition
| Hypoventiliation (suffocation), chemical asphyxiation, anemia, venitlatory defect, circulatory defect |
|
|
Term
| Obstructive/Restrictive lung disease reduces teh efficiency of airflow to the alveoli |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Obstructive/Restrictive lung disease reduces lung space available for gas exchange |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 4 Types of lung function test |
|
Definition
| pO2 and pCO2, spirometry, diffusing capacity, nonuniform ventilation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Green: 80-100% of personal best, Yellow: 50-80% of personal best, Red: <50% of personal best |
|
|
Term
| ____ deaths/year by indoor air pollution |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| protect public health including sensitive groups |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| protect public welfare, such as visibility and damage to crops |
|
|
Term
| 6 NAAQS criteria air pollutants |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| maximum Available Control Technology |
|
|
Term
| Given LEL, how would you find VP at fl. pt.? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Given VP, find max equilibrium concentration. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Given TLV and max equilibrium concentration, find VHR. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Given a maximum equilibrium concentration, how do you know if a room is under flammable conditions? |
|
Definition
| Flammable: 6-31% ... does the max eq. conc. fall in there? |
|
|
Term
| Given Venous blood partial pressure and arterial blood partial pressure, how do you find the amount of O2/ml that can be delivered to a patient? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Aerodynamic diameter calculation |
|
Definition
| (Density)^.5(Diameter)= AD |
|
|
Term
| Given the concentration and Aerodynamic diameter of the particles in an aerosol, how do you find the total suspended particulate matter? |
|
Definition
| Add up the concentrations |
|
|
Term
| Given the concentration and Aerodynamic diameter of the particles in an aerosol, find the geometric standard deviation. |
|
Definition
| Difference between the AD's |
|
|
Term
| Given the concentration and Aerodynamic diameter of the particles in an aerosol, find the geometric standard deviation. |
|
Definition
| Difference between the AD's |
|
|
Term
| In 2008, the EPA revised its ozone standard from ___ to ___. |
|
Definition
|
|
