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HSCI 345 Test 2
N/A
225
Health Care
Undergraduate 3
11/04/2008

Additional Health Care Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
2 types of free silica
Definition
Amorphous (Diatomaceous earth, silica gel, silica fume)
Crystalline (quartz, tridymite, cristobalite)
Term
Silica active form
Definition
SiO2
Term
Silica exposure limits
Definition
PEL = 0.1 mg/m3 (if 100 % silica), TLV = 0.025 mg/m3
Term
The Gauley Bridge disaster was an overexposure of what chemical?
Definition
silica
Term
Acute form of silicosis
Definition
Progressive Massive Fibrosis in Silicosis
Term
Complications of silicosis
Definition
Emphysema, tuberculosis, cancer
Term
Silica is toxic to what cells?
Definition
Macrophages
Term
A naturally occurring, silicate mineral fiber (MgSi compounds)
Definition
Asbestos
Term
Major forms of asbestos
Definition
serpertine (chrysotile)
amphibole (amosite, crosidolite)
Term
Asbestos disease characterized by diffuse interstitial scar tissue... non-malignant.
Definition
Asbestosis
Term
3 types of cancer caused by asbestos
Definition
bronchogenic lung cancer
pleural mesothelioma
peritoneal mesothelioma
Term
Current asbestos PEL
Definition
0.1 f/cc
Term
NESHAP
Definition
National Emission standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants
Term
AHERA
Definition
Asbestos Hazard Emergency Response Act
Term
ASHARA
Definition
Asbestos School Hazard and Abatement Reauthorization Act
Term
Asbestos Controls
Definition
Work controls - protective clothing, wet removal, etc.
Respirators
Term
Asbestos and smoking have a ____ effect.
Definition
synergistic
Term
High solubility, acute lung irritants
Definition
SO2, HCl, NH3
Upper airway bronchoconstriction
Good warning properties
Term
Low solubility, acute lung irritants
Definition
O3, NO2, phosgene
Alveolar region, pulmonary edema
minimal warning
Term
Very high reactivity, acute lung irritants
Definition
Cl, HF
Asphyxiation
Term
2 types of allergic lung disease
Definition
Occupational Asthma
Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis
Term
The allergic response
Definition
antigen --> b lymph --> antibodies
Term
____ is a clinical syndrome characterized by increased responsiveness of the tracheobronchial tree to a variety of stimuli...”
Definition
Asthma
Term
Asthma attacks are controlled by _____
Definition
bronchodilators
Term
3 causes of occupational asthma
Definition
chemical, animal, vegetable
Term
Irritant vs. allergen
Definition
Irritant: Direct Inflammation of Mucous Membranes
Allergen: Immunologic response to specific agent
Term
Repeated exposure to irritant = ?
Definition
Tolerance
Term
Repeated exposure to allergens = ?
Definition
Hypersensitivity
Term
"Brown Lung"
Definition
Byssinosis

Caused by bacterial endotoxins
Term
Chronic lung disease results from ____ and ____
Definition
inflammation and fibrosis
Term
____ is characterized by synthesis of connective tissue, space-occupying lesions, and scarring
Definition
fibrosis
Term
____ causes increased vascular permeability, swelling, edema, and cellular changes
Definition
inflammation
Term
___ includes bronchitis and emphysema, and is caused by smoking, air pollution, and occupational dust.
Definition
COPD
Term
3 mechanisms of airway obstruction
Definition
wall thickening, edema, loss of attachment sites
Term
Disease caused by alveolar destruction
Definition
emphysema
Term
____ is a marker of lung inflammation
Definition
exhaled nitric oxide
Term
lung fibrosis occurs in ___ lung disease.
Definition
restrictive
Term
"CWP"... "Black Lung"
Definition
Coal workers Pneumoconiosis
Term
Complicated CWP
Definition
progressive massive fibrosis, decreased lung function, death
Term
Most common way of diagnosing Pneumoconioses
Definition
x-ray
Term
_____ occur when coronary arteries are blocked leading to ischemia and tissue death.
Definition
heart attacks
Term
Mechanism of PM causing heart attacks
Definition
Exposure --> inflammation --> Increased blood coaguability --> blood clot --> coronary blockage --> heart attack
Term
Bioaerosols
Definition
Mold, animal dander, human infectious agents
Term
________ may be caused by tight buildings with inadequate ventilation.
Definition
Sick building syndrome
Term
Causes of indoor CO exposure
Definition
faulty heating equipment, car exhaust
Term
____ is the second leading cause of lung cancer in US and is a concern of indoor air pollution.
Definition
radon
Term
Itai-Itai Disease is caused by?
Definition
cadmium in bones
Term
____ exposure causes siderosis, a benign pneumoconiosis
Definition
Iron
Term
_____ is used in steel alloy, welding, and dry cell batteries.
Definition
Manganese
Term
______ is a neurotoxin that causes "wobbly-gait" disease and a form of parkinsonism.
Definition
Manganese
Term
_____ causes garlic breath.
Definition
Selenium
Term
_____ causes metal fume fever.
Definition
Zinc
Term
____ exposure causes Shaver's Disease, a benign pneumoconiosis, and has possible involvement with Alzheimer's.
Definition
Aluminum
Term
_____ is used as an anticancer drug, but can also be a reproductive toxin.
Definition
Platinum.
Term
______ exposure is what caused the "blue boys".
Definition
Silver
Term
The trivalent form of _______ is most toxic, causing skin and lung cancer. It is an A_ toxin.
Definition
Arsenic... A1 toxin
Term
______ causes berylliosis, and lung cancer. It is an A_ toxin.
Definition
Beryllium... A1 toxin
Term
_____ causes corrosive holes, is an A1 toxin, causes lung cancer, and was involved in Erin Brockovich.
Definition
Chromium
Term
_______ is a neurotoxin that caused the Minamata contamination.
Definition
Mercury
Term
_____ causes a black line in the gums of those exposed, is a neurotoxin, hematopoetic toxin, nephrotoxin, and reproductive toxin.
Definition
Lead
Term
Lead removal happens at blood levels greater than ___ ug/dl.
Definition
60
Term
Material used to dissolve another material.
Definition
Solvent
Term
mg/m3 to ppm
Definition
mg/m3 x 24.45/MW = ppm
Term
_____ describes a liquid's tendency to evaporate.
Definition
vapor pressure
Term
Higher/Lower vapor pressure = more readily evaporates.
Definition
Higher
Term
Vapor pressure increases with _____.
Definition
temperature
Term
Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures
Definition
Total pressure is the sum of the component pressures.
partial pressure = total pressure x fract. concentration
where total pressure = 760mmHg
Term
Maximum Equilibrium concentration calculation
Definition
VP/760 = concentration (fractional)
Term
Vapor Hazard Ratio
Definition
VHR = max. equil. conc./TLV
Term
temperature at which the VP equals atm. press. at the surface of the liquid
Definition
Boiling point
Term
lowest temperature at which enough vapor is given off to propagate a flame with an ignition source
Definition
Flash Point
Term
Flash Point for flammable materials
Definition
<100 degrees F
Term
Flash Point for combustible liquids
Definition
>100 degress F
Term
temperature at which there is enough vapor to support continuous combustion (for 5 seconds)
Definition
Fire Point
Term
Fire Point is usually __ degrees F above the flash point
Definition
5
Term
temperature at which combustion will automatically occur (self-ignition and self-sustaining)
Definition
Autoignition Temperature
Term
lowest concentration, at or above which, in the presence of an ignition source, an explosion can occur
Definition
LEL, Lower Explosion Limit
Term
LEL and VP
Definition
LEL = VP at flash point/760 x 10^6
Term
________ are straight chain hydrocarbons that are generally not biologically active.
Definition
Aliphatic hydrocarbons
Term
____ is a "toxic exception" to the fact that aliphatic hydrocarbons are not biologically active. It causes:
Definition
n-Hexane:
demyelination of axons
peripheral neuropathy
Term
________ like alkenes and alkynes are biologically active.
Definition
Unsaturated hydrocarbons
Term
______ have a pleasant aroma and are based off of benzenes.
Definition
aromatic hydrocarbons
Term
Benzene's health effects
Definition
aplastic anemia, acute myelogenous leukemia
Term
Toluene's health effects
Definition
brain damage, hearing loss
Term
_____ hydrocarbons are synergistic effects with alcohol, cause cardiac arrhythmia with high exposure, and some are carcinogenic but most are target-organ toxic
Definition
Halogenated
Term
________ cause methemoglobinemia
Definition
Nitrohydrocarbons
Term
What is methemoglobinemia?
Definition
When Fe2+ oxidizes to Fe3+
Term
Compounds containing amines are ____.
Definition
Allergenic
Term
What oxygen-containing hydrocarbon is flammable?
Definition
Alcohols
Term
________ causes blindness and can only be reversed by consuming lots of ethanol.
Definition
Methanol
Term
____ are aromatic hydrocarbons that are flammable, are absorbed through the skin, and are toxic to the kidney and heart.
Definition
Phenols
Term
____ are highly flammable hydrocarbons but are non-toxic, with the exception of ____.
Definition
Ketones ... methyl n-butyl ketone
Term
______ can be sensitizers, reactive air pollutants, or carcinogens.
Definition
Aldehydes
Term
_______ are known as cellosolves and are possible reproductive toxins.
Definition
glycol ethers
Term
Photochemical reactions plus hydrocarbons = ?
Definition
smog
Term
7 Controls for Solvents
Definition
Substitution, isolation, housekeeping, personal protective equipment, ventilation, training, eliminate sources of ignition
Term
1st major OS&H act
Definition
Walsh-Healy Act (1936)
Term
The ____ Act is considered the key act in OS&H because OSHA came from it.
Definition
Williams-Steiger Act (1970)
Term
NIOSH
Definition
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
Term
OSHRC
Definition
Occupational Safety & Health Review Commission
Term
NACOSH
Definition
National Advisory Commission on OSH
Term
NCWCt
Definition
National Commission on Workers’ Comp
Term
What organization's responsibility is in research and education?
Definition
NIOSH
Term
____ reviews contested citations, as well as penalties and abatement periods.
Definition
OSHRC
Term
HHE
Definition
Health Hazard Evaluation
Term
3 types of OSHA standards
Definition
Initially incorporated, permanent, emergency
Term
Emergency standards are effective immediately, but must be replaced by permanent standards within ____.
Definition
6 months
Term
Specification Standards
Definition
standards which stipulate fixed requirements
Term
Performance standards
Definition
standards that specify the end result to be reached, but not the method to get there
Term
Vertical standards
Definition
Apply to specific industries
Term
Horizontal Standards
Definition
Apply to industry in general
Term
Vinyl chloride causes ____.
Definition
Liver Cancer
Term
Arsenic causes ____.
Definition
Skin and lung cancer
Term
Benzene Causes _____.
Definition
leukemia
Term
DBCP causes ________.
Definition
Sterility and cancer
Term
Ethylene Oxide causes _____.
Definition
reproductive problems, cancer
Term
Methylene chloride causes ______.
Definition
Carboxyhemoglobin
Term
OSHA's confined space requirements maintain that 3 positions must be held when going into a confined space... what are the conditions?
Definition
Attendant, Entrant, Entry Supervisor

Attendant and Entry Supervisor can be one person.
Term
What Supreme Court ruling requires an OSHA officer to have a warrant before searching.
Definition
Barlow’s Decision
Term
Levels of citations
Definition
serious
non-serious
willful (“knowing” in IN)/egregious
repeat
failure to abate
de minimus
Term
"Good Faith" penalty reduction
Definition
fixing the problem that you were cited for immediately, while the inspector is still there
Term
TSCA
Definition
Toxic Substances Control Act
Term
TSCA Story
Definition
PBB in cattle feed... lots of financial damages, gave OSHA authority to control new chemicals
Term
Three Acts as a result of TSCA
Definition
AHERA, Indoor Radon Abatement Act, Residential Lead-Based Paint Hazard Reduction Act
Term
RCRA
Definition
Resource Conservation & Recovery Act
Term
CAA
Definition
Clean Air Act
Term
CWA
Definition
Clean Water Act
Term
CERCLA
Definition
Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation & Liability Act
Term
CERCLA created ATSDR, which stands for:
Definition
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
Term
SARA
Definition
Superfund Amendment & Reauthorization Act
Term
SARA gave the EPA additional authority in the areas of:
Definition
CRTK (community right to know)
Underground Storage Tanks (UST)
Emergency Response
Indoor Air Quality
hazardous waste operations and emergency response regulations for workers (HAZWOPER)
Term
NRC
Definition
Nuclear Regulatory Commission
Term
ERDA
Definition
Energy Research and Development Agency
Term
DOE
Definition
Department of Energy (originally ERDA)
Term
Henry’s Law is a relation that fundamentally describes
Definition
The amount of gas dissolved in a liquid
Term
Cigarette smoke interferes with which method of clearance?
Definition
mucociliary and phagocytosis
Term
Temperature inversion was a factor in which disasters?
Definition
Bhopal, London, Donora
Term
Large particulates are carried out of the airstream and deposit in the lung tissues via their relatively large momentum. This process is known as?
Definition
Impaction
Term
Units of asbestos concentration
Definition
f/cc
Term
primary target organ for inorganic mercury
Definition
Kidney
Term
Smoking cigarettes provides significant exposure to _______.
Definition
Cadmium
Term
The CDC's current action level for Pb is _____.
Definition
10ug/dl
Term
Metal involved in Wilson's Disease
Definition
Copper
Term
Metal Fume Fever is mainly associated with ______.
Definition
Zinc
Term
MSDS's are required by what committee of OSHA?
Definition
hazard communication
Term
True or False: If an OSHA inspector identifies an imminent danger during an inspection, he/she has the authority to stop the operation and order an evacuation.
Definition
False
Term
The _______ of arterial blood is the measure of the amount of dissolved O2 in blood.
Definition
PO2
Term
Which acts more quickly? Mucociliary clearance or phagocytosis?
Definition
Mucociliary clearance
Term
Temperature inversions have played a critical role in air pollution disasters because?
Definition
They concentrate pollutants close to the ground.
Term
Ozone in the atmosphere primarily comes from?
Definition
the interaction of other pollutants with sunlight
Term
Factors thought to enhance the toxicity of PM2.5 are?
Definition
large SA, ability to penetrate the lung, chemical composition
Term
Why is Aerodynamic Diameter used in reference to toxic aerosols rather than normal diameter?
Definition
AD determines the penetration into the deepest parts of the lung
Term
Why is the cyclone a useful devise in air sampling?
Definition
It is used to obtain a sample of respirable particles.
Term
An approximate range for the diameter of nanoparticles is ____nm?
Definition
<100nm
Term
Lung condition caused by an allergic reaction in the alveolar region in the lung.
Definition
Hypersensitivity pneumonitis
Term
What disease is a major concern for PM2.5 exposure?
Definition
heart disease
Term
Over the past two years, what trend have ozone levels taken?
Definition
They've decreased, but are still a concern.
Term
Exposure to radon may cause ____.
Definition
Lung cancer.
Term
People with obstructive lung disease usually show what in a spirometry?
Definition
Decreased FEV1.
Term
A toxic substance found in cotton dust which may cause lung problems is _____?
Definition
Endotoxin
Term
High/Low solubility makes a substance more damaging to the alveolar region of the lung.
Definition
Low.
Term
How do amphibole and serpentine asbestos fibers differ?
Definition
Amphibole are more straight
Term
The Gauley Bridge Disaster involved many deaths due to acute/chronic silicosis.
Definition
Acute.
Term
Muriel Rukeyser commented on the Gauley Bridge Disaster by:
Definition
writing an epic poem
Term
For mixtures, the Hazard Communication Standard requires that hazard info be suppolied on the MSDS for any component greater than ___% if considered a hazardous chemical and ___% if considered a carcinogen.
Definition
1%, 0.1%
Term
3 characteristics of a confined space
Definition
Large enough for a person to enter, not intended for continuous occupancy, limited entry or exit
Term
If a confined space is found to contain a hazardous atmosphere, it is refereed to as a ________.
Definition
Permit-required confined space
Term
The ____ was a regulatory act initially adopted in 1977 that among other things, established the NAAQS and NESHAPS.
Definition
CAA
Term
The ______ was a regulatory act adopted in 1976 that requires manufacturers to perform toxicity testing and file a PMN at least 90 days before the release of a new chemical into the market.
Definition
TSCA
Term
The _____ was a regulatory act initially adopted in 1976 that requires the responsibility of properly managing hazardous chemicals from "the cradle to the grave", including issues dealing with treatment, storage and disposal of chemical wastes.
Definition
RCRA
Term
The _____ was a regulatory act that was created a mechanism to deal with uncontrolled and abandoned hazardous waste sites, including handling emergencies.
Definition
Superfund
Term
____ created ATSDR.
Definition
Superfund
Term
The ____ was a regulatory act that created authority for indoor air quality activities required OSHA to establish a hazardous waste operationa nd emergyresponse regulation for workers and created authority in the area of community right to know.
Definition
SARA
Term
Federal agency in charge of enforcing RCRA, Superfund, SARA, etc.
Definition
EPA
Term
4 Requirements that of the Hazard Communication Standard that must be provided to workers.
Definition
MSDS, Labeling, Training, Written Program
Term
What is the most toxic form of chromium?
Definition
Hexavalent
Term
OSHA lead air limit
Definition
50 ug/m3
Term
Lead biological limit for removal from work
Definition
>60 ug/m3
Term
Lead biological limit for return to work after being removed.
Definition
<40 ug/m3
Term
How long does the medical removal protection provision of the OSHA lead standard provide protection?
Definition
18 months
Term
What workers' rights are protected by the medical removal protection program of the OSHA lead standard?
Definition
position and pay
Term
What OSHA regulated chemical (other than lead) has standards for biological monitoring and air concentrations?
Definition
Cadmium
Term
What makes n-hexane and methyl n-butyl ketone toxic?
Definition
They are toxic metabolites.
Term
Result of overexposure to a toxic metabolite?
Definition
Peripheral neuropathy
Term
Two types of damage to nerve cells exposed to neurotoxins
Definition
axonal degeneration, myelin sheath degredation
Term
What are the three major different types of standard health effects attributed to organic solvents?
Definition
CNS effects, respiratory irritation, skin irritation
Term
What are three chemical properties that connect the liquid volume of a chemical to its equivalent vapor volume?
Definition
Density, MW, Molar volume
Term
If there is no existing OSHA standard but it can be established that a commonly recognized hazard exists, and OSHA officer can still cite an employer under the _____.
Definition
General Duties Clause
Term
Flu-like symptoms caused from overexposure to metals.
Definition
Metal Fume fever
Term
If a worker has a wound from metal that won't seem to heal, the metal that likely caused it was _____.
Definition
Beryllium
Term
Methanol can cause blindness due to what metabolite?
Definition
Formic acid
Term
"Pneuma"
Definition
Important to life
Term
Who discovered pulmonary circulation?
Definition
Harvey
Term
Who studied the role of O2 and CO2 in respiration?
Definition
Antoine Lavoisier
Term
Function of the respiratory system
Definition
Gas exchange between blood and air
Term
3 Functions of upper resp. tract
Definition
Conditions air, removes particles, speech
Term
Lung Structure from top to bottom
Definition
Trachea, Bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles, respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs
Term
2 factors affecting gas exchange in the lung periphery
Definition
Total Alveolar surface area and distance between the alveoli and the red blood cells.
Term
Chemical asphyxiation by CO poisoning
Definition
CO binds to Hb, forming carboxyhemoglobin and keeping O2 from binding to Hb
Term
Chemical asphyxiation by methemoglobinemia
Definition
Aniline + Hb --> Methemoglobinemia ... keeps hemoglobin from binding to O2
Term
5 types of respiratory insufficiency
Definition
Hypoventiliation (suffocation), chemical asphyxiation, anemia, venitlatory defect, circulatory defect
Term
Obstructive/Restrictive lung disease reduces teh efficiency of airflow to the alveoli
Definition
Obstructive
Term
Obstructive/Restrictive lung disease reduces lung space available for gas exchange
Definition
Restrictive
Term
4 Types of lung function test
Definition
pO2 and pCO2, spirometry, diffusing capacity, nonuniform ventilation
Term
Abnormal FEV1
Definition
<80% predicted
Term
Abnormal FEV1/FVC
Definition
<70%
Term
Abnormal PFT
Definition
<50% predicted
Term
Peak flow meter zones
Definition
Green: 80-100% of personal best, Yellow: 50-80% of personal best, Red: <50% of personal best
Term
____ deaths/year by indoor air pollution
Definition
1.6 million
Term
Primary NAAQS
Definition
protect public health including sensitive groups
Term
Secondary NAAQS
Definition
protect public welfare, such as visibility and damage to crops
Term
6 NAAQS criteria air pollutants
Definition
CO, SO2, NO2, O3, PM, Pb
Term
NESHAPS
Definition
National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants
Term
MACT
Definition
maximum Available Control Technology
Term
Given LEL, how would you find VP at fl. pt.?
Definition
VP/760 x 10^6 = LEL
Term
Given VP, find max equilibrium concentration.
Definition
VP/760
Term
Given TLV and max equilibrium concentration, find VHR.
Definition
max eq. conc/TLV = VHR
Term
ppm to mg/m3
Definition
ppm x MW/24.45 = mg/m3
Term
Given a maximum equilibrium concentration, how do you know if a room is under flammable conditions?
Definition
Flammable: 6-31% ... does the max eq. conc. fall in there?
Term
Given Venous blood partial pressure and arterial blood partial pressure, how do you find the amount of O2/ml that can be delivered to a patient?
Definition
Arterial - Venous
Term
Aerodynamic diameter calculation
Definition
(Density)^.5(Diameter)= AD
Term
Given the concentration and Aerodynamic diameter of the particles in an aerosol, how do you find the total suspended particulate matter?
Definition
Add up the concentrations
Term
Given the concentration and Aerodynamic diameter of the particles in an aerosol, find the geometric standard deviation.
Definition
Difference between the AD's
Term
Given the concentration and Aerodynamic diameter of the particles in an aerosol, find the geometric standard deviation.
Definition
Difference between the AD's
Term
In 2008, the EPA revised its ozone standard from ___ to ___.
Definition
0.08 ppm to 0.075 ppm
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