Term
Ethics is accountability to whom? |
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Definition
The public Workers Professional communities Funders The environment Yourself |
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Term
Foundation of Public Health ethics |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
1. Recognize that the health, lives, and wellbeing of other people depends on your professional judgement. 2. Counsel affected paties factually regarding their health 3. Keep confidentiality 4. avoid circumstances where your interests might be conflicted 5. perform services only in the area of your competence 6. act responsibly to uphold the integrity of your profession |
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Term
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Definition
| Making low income, minority communities as safe as others. |
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Term
| Toxic chemical release ratio of colored people to white people |
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Definition
2.13 higher risk of being affected for colored people |
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Term
| Ratio of exposure to facilities emitting hazardous pollutants, coloreds to whites |
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Definition
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Term
| Ratio of cancer risk from air pollutants (coloreds to whites) |
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Definition
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Term
| Hispanics are ___% more likely to die in the construction industry than other people |
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Definition
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Term
| Occupational disadvantages for minority, low income, and undocumented workers |
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Definition
1. have limited legal, financial, educational, and health resources 2. have lower overall health status 3. may be subject to high stress levels 4. Ununionized, more vulnerable to firing 5. Tend to get the most dirty and dangerous jobs |
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Term
| ____ is a specialty field of medicine concerned with maintaing and improving the health of workers. |
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Definition
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Term
| Incidence of work related injuries and illnesses |
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Definition
Injuries: 4.9 million ... 5,542 deaths Illnesses: 334,000 ... 47,000 deaths |
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Term
| Top 3 industries with most fatal injuries |
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Definition
| Agriculture, mining, construction |
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Term
| 4 most common occupational diseases |
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Definition
| musculoskeletal, pulmonary, dermatologic, infection |
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Term
| 6 types of musculoskeletal disease |
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Definition
| neurologic, tendonitis, strain, sprain, arthritis, mechanical lower back pain |
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Term
| 5 types of pulmonary occupational disease |
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Definition
1. airways (occ. asthma, reactive airways dysfunction syndrome) 2. pneumoconioses (asbestosis, silicosis, cwp) 3. cancer (bronchogenic carcinoma, mesothelioma) 4. infection (tb, histoplasmosis, psittacosis) 5. hypersensitivity pneumonitis (farmer's lung, pigeon breeder's lung, malt worker's lung) |
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Term
| ___ is the most common occupational lung disease |
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Definition
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Term
| ___ syndrome follows high levels of irritant exposure |
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Definition
| reactive airways dysfunction syndrome |
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Term
| arsenic, asbestos, chloromethyl ether, chromium, nickel, polyaromatic hydrocarbons, radon, and tobacco smoke are all risk factors for ___. |
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Definition
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Term
| ___ is a risk factor for mesothelioma |
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Definition
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Term
| 4 types of dermatologic diseases |
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Definition
1. contact (irritant and allergic) 2. acne 3. pigmentation disorders 4. skin cancer |
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Term
| Irritant dermatitis is caused by? |
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Definition
| Anything that can irritate skin: organic solvents, cleaning products, fuels, etc. |
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Term
| ___ dermatitis, has a delayed hypersensitivity |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Airborne Bloodborne Contact Droplet ABCD |
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Term
| ___ is an airborne infectious agent with a diameter of 5-10 microns. |
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Definition
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Term
| ____ virus is a droplet infectious agent with a diameter of 100 microns that quickly fall and get trapped in the upper airways. |
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Definition
| Respiratory synctial virus |
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Term
| MRSA is a ___ infectious agent. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| 3 Preventative measures for occupational diseases |
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Definition
| Administrative, engineering, PPE |
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Term
| Human health concerns related to water (methods of exposure) |
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Definition
1. contaminated drinking water 2. swimming in poluted water 3. falling out of a boat into polluted water 4. eating contaminated fish |
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Term
| Potential diseases associated with contaminated water exposure |
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Definition
1. gastroenteritis 2. ear, eye, nose, and throat infections 3. hepatitis 4. cholera 5. leptospirosis |
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Term
| Presence of pathogens in water is indicated by monitoring for ____. |
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Definition
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Term
| Most ___ are not harmful, but their presence in water indicates that harmful viruses, bacteria, or protozoa may also be in the water. Indicates contamination by ____. |
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Definition
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Term
| Water quality standard for safe swimming is ____ for a single sample or ____ for a geometric mean |
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Definition
| 235 CFU E. Coli/100mL water, 126 CFU E. Coli/100mL water |
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Term
| The department of _____ monitors for E. Coli levels in water. |
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Definition
| Indiana Department of Environmental Management |
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Term
| The ____ act was passed in 1972. It forms the basis for water quality regulation in the US today. |
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Definition
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Term
| Goal of the Clean Water Act |
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Definition
| waters of the US should be "fishable and swimmable" |
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Term
| Water quality standards are set by which government? (state or federal) |
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Definition
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Term
| 3 components of water quality standards |
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Definition
- designated uses - criteria - antidegradation |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| ___ are numbers that are used to determine whether water meets its designated use (for example 126cfu/100ml water) |
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Definition
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Term
| Point Sources of water pollution |
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Definition
- comes out of a pipe (sewage treatment plants, industry) |
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Term
| What sources of water pollution are regulated by the clean water act? (point/nonpoint) |
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Definition
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Term
| Non-Point sources of water pollution |
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Definition
- exact location is not easily identified - not regulated - ex: agricultural runoff |
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Term
| ___ sources of water pollution are considered the greatest concern to water impairment. (point, nonpoint) |
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Definition
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Term
| Non-point pollution most often occurs when? |
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Definition
| When it rains - often called "wet weather pollution" or "polluted runoff" |
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Term
| Common nonpoint sources of pollution |
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Definition
| sediment, pathogens, nutrients, pesticides |
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Term
| ___ and ___ are common contaminants of fish |
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Definition
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Term
| ___ is the most common form of organic mercury found in the environment and is the form that accumulates in both fish and humans. |
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Definition
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Term
| 87% of mercury emissions is from ___ and ___. |
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Definition
| solid waste incineration, and fossil fuel combustion |
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Term
| Health effects of methylmercury |
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Definition
CNS effects developmental toxin |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
- liver - gastrointestinal - blood - skin - endocrine - immune - CNS - reproductive - developmental |
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Term
| ___ can cause developmental effects, liver cancer, and skin rashes in humans |
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Definition
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Term
| EPA has classified PCB's as Group b2 carcinogen, which means: |
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Definition
| probable human carcinogen |
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Term
| Where do we obtain water in Indiana? |
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Definition
40% from surface water 60% from ground water |
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Term
| Water is usually disinfected with ___ in public water systems. |
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Definition
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Term
| How is water treated in the US before being considered safe to drink? |
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Definition
- coagulation - filtration - disinfection - taste/odor reduction - fluoride added |
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Term
| ___ Act regulates public drinking water systems |
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Definition
| US Safe Drinking Water Act |
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Term
| US Safe Drinking Water Act doesn't regulate ___. |
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Definition
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Term
Safe Drinking Water Act requirements |
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Definition
- sets max contaminant levels and MCLs for over 100 chemicals and contaminants - tests water regularly - notify customers of what was found in water |
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Term
| ___ is a major concern (contaminant) where surface water is used. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products - can contaminate water |
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Term
| ___ refer to a wide range of anthropogenic or naturally occurring compounds that elicit estrogenic responses by mimicking endogenous estradiol |
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Definition
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Term
| Evidence of environmental impacts of water contaminants |
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Definition
| Mutations in animals (esp frogs) |
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Term
| Ground water contaminants |
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Definition
- Nitrate - Pesticides - Volatile organic chemicals (gasoline, solvents, etc) - Microbiological Contaminants (bacteria, viruses, etc) - Road Salt |
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Term
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Definition
- linked to hypoxia in the Gulf of Mexico - Blue baby syndrome in drinking water |
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Term
| Nitrate drinking water standard |
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Definition
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Term
| About __-__% of private wells exceed the Nitrate standards |
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Definition
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Term
Nitrogen leaching from: 1. septic systems 2. corn fields |
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Definition
1. 25 lbs/system 2. 20-40 lbs/acre |
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Term
| ___ of Indiana's population is not connected to a sewer system... which can lead to contaminating ground water. |
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Definition
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Term
| ___ is a naturally occurring element in rocks and soils that can contaminate ground water. |
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Definition
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Term
| Health effects of arsenic |
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Definition
| skin, bladder, and other cancers |
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Term
| Arsenic drinking water standard |
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Definition
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Term
| ___ links geographic location with info |
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Definition
| Geospatial technologies (GIS) |
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Term
| ___ is biological in nature (capable of self replication) and has the capacity to produce deleterious effects upon other biological organisms, particularly humans. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
- infectious (bacteral, viral) or parasitic - non-infection microorganisms such as fungi, yeast, algae - plants and plant products - animals and animal products |
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Term
| 3 Key Elements for disease |
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Definition
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Term
| Bubonic plague - host, agent, environment, results |
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Definition
Host: rat and flea Agent: bacteria (yersinia pestis) Environment: close quarters, poor hygiene conditions allowing for proliferation of rats Results: 75 million deaths 1/3 of Europe's and 1/2 of China's populations died 60% fatality rate |
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Term
| ___ was histories deadliest pandemic |
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Definition
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Term
| Spanish Flu of 1918: virus, mortality rate, infection rate, deaths, results |
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Definition
virus: H1N1 2-20% mortality rate 50% infection rate 50-100 million deaths in 1 year victims died by drowning in their own lung fluid |
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Term
| ___ in 1993 resulted in 1 Navajo death in AZ. Was isolated from the deer mouse. Results? |
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Definition
| Hantavirus: HPS (Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome) |
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Term
___ is a bacterial infectious disease that infects 1/3 of the world's population. Health care workers are most at risk |
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Definition
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Term
| ___ is a disease caused by soil contaminated by bird and bat droppings and spread by aerosolized dust. Is Endemic in midwest (95%) |
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Definition
| Histoplasmosis (H. capsulatum, fungus) |
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Term
| ___ is a disease that infects livestock producers, meatpackers, and vets that presents with flu-like symptoms |
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Definition
| Brucellosis (Brucella bacteria) |
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Term
| ___ is a disease caused by ticks, domestic cattle, sheep, and goats (direct contact or inhalated of dried tissue), presents with flu-like symptoms. |
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Definition
| Q Fever (rickettsial, bacteria-like organism) |
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Term
| ___ is caused by bacteria from goal and wool hair, is spread through blood (septicemia). |
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Definition
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Term
| ___ is caused by inhalation of fungal spores and causes an allergic, asthmatic response. most often in farmers and grain mill workers. |
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Definition
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Term
Any worker exposed to contaminated organic dust and has flu-like symptoms might have ____. |
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Definition
Organic Dust Toxic Syndrome (ODTS) may be bacterial or fungal |
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Term
| Avian Flu: virus, transmission, mortality rate, deaths, current phase. |
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Definition
virus: H5N1 transmission: only human to human mortality rate: >50% Estimated 5-150 million deaths Phase 3 of 6 phase system |
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Term
| If the avian flu hits humans, it is estimated that __% of the workforce will be out. |
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Definition
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Term
| ____ is a mold found in a variety of cheeses and antibiotics. |
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Definition
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Term
| Toxic components of Penicillium |
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Definition
| endotoxins (bacteria), mycotoxins (fungi) |
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Term
| ___ are in the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria, is a complex polysaccharide/protein/lipid mix, and is released upon the death of an organism. |
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Definition
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Term
___ are in spores released from fungi and are a metabolic by-product. |
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Definition
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Term
| ___ is known as "black mold". |
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Definition
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Term
| Requirements for Indoor and Outdoor fungi |
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Definition
- Written plan - Determination of primary/secondary exposure potentials - annual training in universal precautions and sharps - HBV vaccination offered at no cost to worker |
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Term
| Other controls for Biological agents |
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Definition
- biohazard sign - safety cabinets - disinfection - ppe |
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Term
| Potential animal biological hazards |
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Definition
- dander, saliva, feces, and urine - cockroaches - animal bites, stings, scratches - dust mites |
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Term
| Main health effect of animal hazards |
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Definition
| asthma, 36-75% of asthmatic children are allergic to cockroaches |
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Term
Animal allergens: cockroach, dust mites, cats |
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Definition
Cockroaches: Bla g 1 Dust mites: Der p 1, Der f 1 Cats: Fel D1 |
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Term
| ____ is an environmental agent that acts by transmitting force or energy to humans. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
- hearing loss - disrupts sleep/learning - may add to high blood pressure and stress - increases job safety risks |
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Term
# of noise exposed workers in US |
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Definition
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Term
| # of current workers who will develop noise-induced hearing loss by age 60 |
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Definition
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Term
| Range of human hearing, frequency and sound intensity. |
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Definition
Frequency: 50 Hz - 20kHz Intensity: 10E-22 W/m^2 - 100W/m^2 (0-140 dB) |
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Term
| ___ is hearing loss caused by damage to the inner ear. It affects hearing sensitivity particularly at certain sound frequencies. Is caused by noise exposure and aging, and may be accompanied by tinnitus. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| ___ are a weighted average level for noise of combined frequencies which take into account the fact that some frequencies are more damaging than others. |
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Definition
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Term
| OSHA, ACGIH and NIOSH, and community noise limits |
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Definition
OSHA - 90dBA ACGIH, NIOSH - 85 dBA Community: 70 dBA |
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Term
| Physiological range of core temp... when does death occur? |
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Definition
| at 75 degrees F or 110 degrees F |
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Term
Heat ___ is characterized by lethargy, cold clammy skin, and weakness. Heat ___ is much more serious and is characterized by weakness, severe headache, dizziness, confusion, hot dry skin, no sweating, and shutdown of body's thermal regulation. |
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Definition
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Term
| There are approx __ work-related heat deaths/year. |
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Definition
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Term
| Safety issues associated with heat stress |
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Definition
- Lack of alertness - lack of balance, motor skills - fainting - sweat (slipping, electrical hazard) |
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Term
| Risk factors for heat injury |
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Definition
| age, obesity, genetic predisposition, illness, protective clothing, lack of acclimatization |
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Term
| Preventative measures for occupational heat injury |
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Definition
Worker screening and acclimatizaiton Scheduling breaks Fluid replacement Surveillance Engineering controls Education |
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Term
| ___ is electromagnetic radiation whose quantum energy is too low to ionize atoms. |
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Definition
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Term
| Nonionizing radiation examples |
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Definition
electric and magnetic fields radiofrequency microwave radiation infrared, visible, and ultraviolet light |
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Term
| Adverse affects of NonIonizing radiation |
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Definition
tissue heating electrical interactions breaking chemical bonds |
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Term
| Nonionizing radiation is from ___ to ___ on the electromagnetic spectrum |
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Definition
| 10E3 to 10E-7 m (wavelength) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Eq = hf h = 4.12E-15 ev-sec |
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Term
| Effects of powerlines and cancer |
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Definition
| Epidemiological studies have found small increases in childhood cancer associated with power lines, but there is no convincing evidence. |
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Term
| Health affects of radiofrequency and microwave radiation |
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Definition
| tissue heating, fetal damage, cataracts, sterility, behavioral affects |
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Term
| TLV for radiofrequency/microwave radiation |
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Definition
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Term
| Results of cell phone use and cancer studies |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
skin cancer/aging cataracts |
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Term
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Definition
- complete hazard assessment (survey, written report) - selection of appropriate safety equipment - provide training for use of PPE |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
1st century - animal bladders 1825 - smoke filters 1850 - smoke cap |
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Term
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Definition
| Self-contained breathing apparatus |
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Term
| Potential for toxicity and exposure concepts |
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Definition
- speed of reaction - severity - irreversibility |
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Term
| Loose fitting RPE must be ___ pressure |
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Definition
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Term
| ___ respirators clean the contaminants fromt he air breathed |
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Definition
| Air Purifying respirators |
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Term
| ___ respirators have particulate removal mechanisms |
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Definition
| particulate air purifying respirators |
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Term
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Definition
High efficiency particulate air remove 99.97% of particulate matter |
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Term
| ____ respirators have specific materials for specific chemicals. Remove chemicals by aDsorption. |
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Definition
| gas/vapor air purifying respirators |
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Term
| A physical surface phenomenon that uses special materials with greatly enhanced surface area to attract harmful molecules to surface by Van der Waals forces |
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Definition
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Term
Adsorbent impregnated with contaminant-selective substances. example? |
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Definition
Chemisorption ex: activated charcoal treated with iodine for Hg removal |
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Term
An internal phenomenon where the contaminant penetrates. example? |
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Definition
Absorption NaOH or KOH wiht lime or caustic silicates for acid gas collection |
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Term
Influencing a chemical reaction w/o involvement in it example? |
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Definition
Catalysis hopcalite (Mn and CuO granules) converts CO to CO2 |
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Term
A ____ is small enough to be conveniently mounted on a respirator facepiece. For concentrations up to __% |
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Definition
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Term
A ___ is a chin-mounted facepiece or belt-mounted and connected to facepiece with hose. For concentrations up to ___%. Used for? |
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Definition
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Term
| When removal capacity of a respirator has been exceeded and the chemical begins to pass through. |
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Definition
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Term
| ___ respirators combine particulate, gas, and vapor protection, and use a canister and cartridge |
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Definition
| multi-function air purifying respirator |
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Term
| ___ respirators are the only positive pressure air purifying respirator and are good for workers with breathing problems. |
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Definition
| PAPR - powered air purifying respirator |
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Term
| ___ provide air from a clean independent source, and can be used for higher concentrations of toxins. |
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Definition
| atomsphere supplying respirators |
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Term
| ___ atmosphere supplying respirators maintain a constant positive pressure in mask |
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Definition
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Term
| ___ atmosphere supplying respirators shut off during exhalation |
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Definition
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Term
| ___ atmosphere supplying respirators provide a small, constant flow that maintains a positive pressure in the mask at all times. |
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Definition
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Term
| ___ respirators are atmosphere supplying respirators that provide clean air from a portable external source |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
| 3 Administrative measures for occupational safety |
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Definition
Education Avoidance Screening |
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Term
| 4 methods of engineering a safer work environment |
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Definition
- substitute safer materials - revise process - barriers to minimize exposure - isolation rooms |
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Term
| 4 types of work in occupational medicine |
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Definition
clinical research education administration |
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Term
| An employer has the right to know what about an injured/sick worker |
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Definition
- details of exposure - diagnosis - restrictions on patient's ability to work cannot know: info not related to worker's comp or fitness for duty |
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Term
| syndrome defined as the development of respiratory symptoms shortly after a single accidental inhalation of high concentrations of an irritant. Symptoms followed by asthma-like symptoms and airway hyperreactivity for a prolonged time. |
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Definition
| Reactive Airways dysfunction syndrome |
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Term
| 4 major concepts of industrial hygeine |
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Definition
| AREC - anticipation, recognition, evaluation, control |
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Term
| A ____ is a representation or determination of an airborne contaminant or physical phenomenon. is an estimate of the total substance. |
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Definition
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Term
___ is a determination of the reproducibility of a sample. ___ is a comparison to the "true value" of a sample. |
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Definition
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Term
| Random vs. systematic errors |
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Definition
random = indeterminate systematic = determinate, biased |
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Term
| What could be the sources of error in an industrial hygeine study? |
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Definition
| sampling error, analytical method, sampling environment |
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Term
| A sample is a good estimate of the exposure of interest if it is ____. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
recordkeeping evaluating engineering controls comply with standards assess exposure of workers identify contaminants |
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Term
| 4 places where samples can be taken |
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Definition
personal environmental biological medical |
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Term
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Definition
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|
Term
active vs. passive sampling |
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Definition
active: with a pump, a generated airflow passive: no pump, ambient environment |
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Term
| Instantaneous vs. integrated sampling |
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Definition
Instantaneous: grab or continuous, peaks Integrated: average |
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Term
| Direct vs. Indirect sampling |
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Definition
Direct: detect-analyze in one or series of steps Indirect: two steps - collect for later analysis |
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Term
What sampling technique? Direct: aerosol photometry, condensation nuclei, beta attenuation, electric charge Indirect: filters, impacters, impingers, cyclones |
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Definition
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Term
What method of sampling? Direct: colorimetric, gas chromatography, spectrophotometry Indirect: Adsorption, absorption |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
| _____ are based on very limited data and professional judgment. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Limit of Detection - involved in sampling something too soon |
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Term
| ___ is the logical step after recognition and evaluation, used to eliminate/correct the problem. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Technical (engineering, control monitoring) and People (PPE, work practices) aspects |
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Term
| 3 methods of engineering control |
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Definition
Substitution Isolation Ventilation |
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Term
| Classic IH approach control model |
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Definition
Engineering controls administration ppe |
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Term
| 3 methods of substitution |
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Definition
material - use a less toxic chemical equipment process |
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Term
What would be an appropriate (less toxic) substitute for each of these materials? carbon tetrachloride benzene solvent based inks |
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Definition
percholoethylene toluene water based inks |
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Term
| 6 methods of administrative control |
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Definition
scheduling location housekeeping hygeine maintenance training/education |
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Term
| ___ is a method of controlling the movement of air |
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Definition
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Term
| 5 purposes of ventilation |
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Definition
regulate temp and humidity material recovery and control prevent fire and explosions satisfy OSHA requirements prevent health hazards |
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Term
|
Definition
GEV: general dilution of ventilation LEV: Local exhaust ventilation |
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Term
| Components of an LEV system |
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Definition
| hoods, ducts, air cleaners, fans |
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Term
| What chemical, although banned from production in the US since 1979 still shows up in our waters, sediments, fish and people? |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| assume any substance is dangerous |
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Term
| True or false: the OSHA bloodborne pathogen standard applies only to health workers. |
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Definition
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Term
| Type of hearing loss generally associated with noise exposure |
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Definition
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Term
| Unit of noise exposure that takes into account the fact that not all frequencies of noise are equally damaging to the hearing system |
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Definition
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|
Term
| 4 categories of respiratory fit testing |
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Definition
User seal checks (fit checks) Qualitative fit tests (QLFT) Quantitative fit tests (QNFT) |
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Term
| ____ checks (resp fit test) are performed prior to fit testing and before each use. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| 2 types of user seal check |
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Definition
negative pressure -seal off facepiece inlet valves - inhale and hold breath - facepeive remaining slightly collapsed means good fit positive pressure - seal off exhalation valve - exhale - facepiece slightly expanding indicates good fit |
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Term
| Fit test exercises (perform each for 1 min) |
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Definition
Normal breathing (NB) Deep breathing (DB) Move head side to side (SS) Move head up and down (UD) Talking (T) |
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Term
Irritant smoke test, bitrex solution test, isoamyl acetate test, saccharin solution test are all part of the ____ test |
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Definition
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|
Term
generated aerosol chamber tests, controlled negative chamber tests, and ambient aerosol test are all part of ____ tests. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| ___ are an identifiable means of estimating or determining how much protection a respirator will afford its wearer. |
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Definition
| Fit Factors/Protection Factors |
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Term
| The ___ factor accounts for uncertainty in determining respirator protection. |
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Definition
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Term
| ___ are QNFT results obtained during normal work activities |
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Definition
| Workplace protection factor |
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Term
| The ____ factor is the ratio of concentration outside mask to concentration inside mask |
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Definition
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Term
| Father of industrial hygiene. |
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Definition
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Term
| mother of industrial hygiene |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| First occupational epidemiologist |
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Definition
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Term
| The concept that for many chemicals, there is an amount small enough to not cause significant harm to the majority of those exposed on a daily basis. |
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Definition
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Term
| 2 famous US factory fires and the year in which they happened |
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Definition
Triangle shirtwaist (1911) NC chicken plant (1991) |
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Term
| In mixtures, the presence of one toxic material increases the toxic action of the other |
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Definition
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Term
| In mixtures, the presence of a nontoxic material increases the toxic action of a toxic material. |
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Definition
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Term
| In mixtures, the toxic action of two materials is the summed effect of each given alone. |
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Definition
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Term
| In mixtures, the existence of one material reduces or interferes with the toxic action of another material |
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Definition
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Term
| What was the disease that struck down many workers who were digging the Hawks Nest Tunnel at Gauley Mountain in th 1930's? |
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Definition
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Term
| Name one of the 2 "defining"smog incidents that occurred in the mid 1900's that created a sudden awareness of the public health implications of air pollution |
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Definition
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Term
| What incident in the 1980's in India suddenly connected industrial chemical activities with environmental health implications due to a disastrous chemical relase that killed thousands of people in the surrounding community? |
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Definition
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Term
| A toxicant typically goes through four steps in its path through the body, reperesented by the acronym ADME, what does that stand for? |
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Definition
Absorption Distribution Metabolism Excretion |
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Term
| The art and science of industrial hygiene porblem solving can be summed up wiht the following four words that make up AREC. |
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Definition
Anticipation Recognition Evaluation Control |
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Term
____ means to develop symptoms more readily than the average population. ____ means an allergic response. |
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Definition
Hypersusceptibility Hypersensitivity |
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Term
| 3 major routes of entry that allow chemicals into the body |
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Definition
inhalation ingestion percutaneous |
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Term
| 4 types of aerosol particulate matter than can become airborne from different industrial processes |
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Definition
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Term
| ____ is the dose at which 50% of those who take in a toxin die from it |
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Definition
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Term
| Rare liver cancer caused by exposure to vinyl chloride in rubber factories |
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Definition
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Term
| The common name of a disease that often resultd in facial disfurement and necrosis of the jaw bone in workers molding poste for matches. |
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Definition
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Term
| Exposure to a chlorinated solvent such as trichloroethylene in conjunction with drinking alcohol can result in reddening of the face and neck known as ____. |
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Definition
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Term
| concentration from which a worker must be able to escape without losing her life or suffereing permanent health damage. |
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Definition
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Term
| An airborne concentration value which best represents a worker's composite exposure over a certain period of time such as an 8 hr day. |
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Definition
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Term
| The EPA's term for exposure limits for newly developed chemicals |
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Definition
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Term
| An airborne concentration level which is set and enforced by the US OSHA or a state OSHA program |
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Definition
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Term
| A recommended airborne concentration level which is established by the ACGIH |
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Definition
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|
Term
| If a chemical has a particularly acute biological response, a 15 minute averaging tem period is used to establish a recommendd or required airborne concnetration level, called ____ |
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Definition
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Term
| A level of chemical in a body fluid or other material as a result of biological monitoring which is likely to be ovserveed in healthy workers exposed to a chemical by any route of entry |
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Definition
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|
Term
| EPA's 6 ambient air criteria pollutant standards from the Clean Air Act are the ____. |
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Definition
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Term
| a level of chemical in a body fluid or other material as a result of biological monitoring which is likely to be ovserved in healthy workers exposed to an airborne level of the chemical at it's TLV is known as the ____. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| One of the guidelines developed by the AIHA for chemicals that are felt to require more study and /or info than is currently available |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Another guideline developed by the AIHA which is gaining worldwide recognition for general population exposures in emergency situations such as a spill |
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Definition
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|
Term
| the air concentration at which certain regulatory requirements such as personal sampling and medical surveillance become required is known as the ____? |
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Definition
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Term
| Chemical Y has a TLV-TWA=3mg/m^3 with a STEL+12mg/m^3. What would be the total time during an 8 hour work day that a worker could be expossed to a constant concentration level of 12 mgm^3 and still meet all the requirements for the TLV guidelines? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Workers in a pesticide plant in California in the 70's were working with a chemical known as dibromochloropropane (DBCP) which the workers themselves discovered caused? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| The term "gasoline fume" is often used, but it is actually "gasoline ____" |
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Definition
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|
Term
| a submicron particle formed by condensation fo a vaporized material |
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Definition
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|
Term
| When a pregnant woman is exposed to an agent that adversely effects the developing fertilized egg, the agent is called a ____. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| when exposure takes place in the organogenesis stage of a pregnancy and an adverse reaction results, the toxin is known as ____. |
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Definition
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Term
| The first act of federal legislation that significantly addressed safety and health issues in the workplace and was the forerunner of the OSHAct was the ____. |
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Definition
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Term
| In comparison to occupational exposure limits, the exposure limits for the non-occupational community are often higher/lower/the same. |
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Definition
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Term
| The tissue/organ with the highest activity for metabolism of foreign chemicals is? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| A ____ acts by interfering with the trasnport of oxygen by the blood to the tissues. |
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Definition
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Term
| The proportion or percentage of a population that has a particular disease or other health related characteristic is? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| incidence or prevalence of disase refers to: |
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Definition
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|
Term
| In the souce-medium-receptor model of environmental hazards, kids at risk for childhood lead poisoning are considered the _____. |
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Definition
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|
Term
The odeds ration in an epidemiological study provides an estimate of the: relative risk chance of exposure change of disease severity of disease |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| An epidemioogy study that compares people wiht disease to normal individuals is called a ____ study. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Which type of epidemiological study is always retrospective? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Which type of epidemiological study compares health outcomes between people living in one location wtih those living in a different location? |
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Definition
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|
Term
___ refers to the need for a healthy environment for all people regardless of race or income level. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| ____ refers to collecting health event data in a population |
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Definition
| public health surveillance |
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Term
| The standard mortality ratio is computed as |
|
Definition
| observed dealths divided by expected deaths |
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Term
|
Definition
| (exposed cases/exposed controls)/(unexposed cases/unexposed controls) |
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|
Term
| a p-value less than 0.01 indicates that? |
|
Definition
| it is unlikely that the results of the study could have occurred by chance |
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Term
| when a worker cannot detet the presence of a chemical because it has overpowered his sense of smell, we say that he is suffering from _____. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| In biological monitoring, a finding of reduced sperm motility would be considered a biomarker of ____. |
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Definition
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|
Term
a reason that most occupational health professionals prefer the TLV over the PEL is: generally there ism ore documentation on the scientific basis for TLV's TLV's tend to be more stringent TLV's are updated more frequently TLV's are based only on health, not politics |
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Definition
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|
Term
toxicalogically, the most important dose of a toxic airborne chemical agent is: - the concentration times the exposure time (Haberer's Law) - the amount of the material retained by the lung tissue and not exhaled - the amount of material absorbed into the blood from what is retained in lung tissue - the amount transported to the target organ of concern by the blood |
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Definition
| the amount transported to the targe organ of concern by the blood |
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Term
| The "skin" notation for asubstance in the TLV indicates what? |
|
Definition
| that the substance can be absorbed through the skin |
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Term
| Author of famous mining text De Re Metallica, that was the "state of the art" on mining operations |
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Definition
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|
Term
| the chemical involved in the Bhopal chemical disaster |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| family of cellular, test tube, petri dish type tests |
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Definition
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|
Term
| the family of tests using live animals |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| the name of the toxicological model developed to provide an integrated comparative evaluation of various systems and characteristics between two species that are being studied |
|
Definition
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|
Term
Arrange the following exposure limits in order a. PEL-peak b. PEL-TWA c. PEL-STEL d. IDLH e. PEL-ceiling |
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Definition
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|
Term
| The ____ is sometimes used as an alternative to FEV1 in measuring airflow obstruction. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| The PO2 of arterial blood is a measure of? |
|
Definition
| the amount of O2 dissolved in the blood. |
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|
Term
| two major types of lung disease |
|
Definition
| restrictive and obstructive |
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Term
| compared to mucociliary clearance, phagocytosis acts more slowly/rapidly |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ have played key roles in air pollution disasters bc they concentrate pollutants close to the ground. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| in relation to ozone exposure children are considered more vulnerable because? |
|
Definition
| they have smaller airways and tend to spend more time outdoors |
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|
Term
| calculate aerodynamic diameter when given diameter and density |
|
Definition
| AD = sqrt(density)x(diameter) |
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|
Term
| ____ in the atmosphere primarily comes from the interaction of other air pollutants with sunlight. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a characteristic of ____ that is different from many irritants is the immunological response to a specific agent. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| factors thought to enhance the toxicity of PM2.5 |
|
Definition
large surface area ability to penetrate the lung chemical composition |
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|
Term
| the ____ is a useful device in air sampling because it is used to obtain a sample of respirable particulate |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| An approximate range for the size of nanoparticles is ____. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| lung condition caused by an allergic reaction in the alveolar region of the lung |
|
Definition
| hypersensitivity pneumonitis |
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|
Term
| What type of disease is a major concern for PM2.5 exposure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Mesothelioma refers to cancer where?
What is it caused by? |
|
Definition
pleural lining of lung asbestos |
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|
Term
| People wiht obstructive lung disease usually show decreased ____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| People with restrictive lung disease usually show decreased ____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
___ lung disease is characterized by less lung area. ____ lung disease is characterized by making it harder to breathe air in. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| two particles with equal ____ will tend to have equal lung penetration |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| A property of ____ that distinguish them from other particles is that their length is at least three times their diameter or width. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a toxic substance found in cotton dust that causes lung prbolems |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____is most associated with the scarring of lung tissue and space occupying lesions? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a property of ozone that makes it more damaging to the alveolar region of the lung than sulfur dioxide is its: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| People may be exposed to thimerol, an organomercury compound because? |
|
Definition
| it is used in vaccine formulations |
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|
Term
a property of amphibole asbestos fibers is that they: 1.are relatively straight compared to serpentine fibers 2. are relatively nontoxic compared to other forms 3. include chrysotile and crocidolite 4. are easily dissolved in body fluids 5. include amosite and cristobalite |
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Definition
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|
Term
| the gauley bridge disaster involved many worker deaths due to what disease? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| EPA's designation of Hazardous Air Pollutants refers to |
|
Definition
| 200 substances which may cause cancer, birth defects, or other health efects |
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Term
|
Definition
| ozone, particulate matter, CO, NO2, SO2, lead |
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|
Term
| a solvent associated with causing blindness in humans |
|
Definition
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|
Term
An OSHA officer has the right to immediately shut down an operation if he/she determines it to be an imminent danger. true or false? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
OSHA has the right to ban a chemical that is considered to be too dangerous to use in industry. true/false |
|
Definition
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|
Term
Minimata Bay incident what chemical? what effects? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ was released into the Jinzu River in Japan and caused Itai-Itai disease |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Manganese is widely used in welding, steel production, batter production, and as a fuel additive. It is known to cause symptoms similar to _____ disease. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| If there is no existing OSHA standard, but it can be established that a commonly recognized hazard exists, an OSHA compliance officer can still cite an employer under the _____ clause. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| excess exposure to funmes from metals created during weldnig can cause flu-like symptoms, this illness is known as: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| most toxic valence state of chromium |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| most toxic valence of arsenic? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| OSHA programs in which management and labor organizations cooperate with OSHA in meeting minimum helath and safety rules. |
|
Definition
| voluntary protection program |
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|
Term
| major health effect of cellosolves |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| European Union initiative that deals with the responsible managment of toxic materials |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Aerodynamic diameter that best characterizes a repirable aerosol |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| lung damage that occurs with exposure to silica |
|
Definition
progressive massive fibrosis progressive and nodular |
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|
Term
| most toxic form of mercury |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____ is the medical procedure used for evaluating pneumoconiosis |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| OSHA's levels of citations that can be used when an inspector observes a violation in the workplace |
|
Definition
| serious, non-serious, willful (knowing), failure to abate, repeat, de minimus |
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|
Term
| For mixtures, the Hazard Communication Standard requires that hazard info be supplied on the MSDS for any component greater than ___% if considered a hazardous material, and ___% if consdiered a carcinogen. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 3 characteristics of a confined space |
|
Definition
not menat for continuous occupancy limited entry/exit large enough for a person to enter |
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|
Term
| If a confined space is found to contain a hazardous atmosphere, then it is referred to as a ____ confined space. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 3 job functions that must be done when someone enters a confined space |
|
Definition
entrant, entry supervisor, attendant only 2 people needed |
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|
Term
| 3 major forms of free crystalline silica |
|
Definition
cristobalite quartz trydomite |
|
|
Term
| 3 major forms of asbestos |
|
Definition
chrisotile amosite crocidolite |
|
|
Term
| 3 forms of amorphous (non-crystalline) silica |
|
Definition
| diatomaceous earth, silica gel, silica fume |
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|
Term
| Regulatory act initially adopted in 1977 that mong other things, established the NAAQS and National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAPS) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| regulator act initially adopted in 1976 which requires manufactureres to perform toxicity testing and then file a premanufacturing notification (PMN) at least 90 days prior to the release of a new chemical into the market |
|
Definition
| toxic substances control act |
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|
Term
| regulatory act initially adopted in 1976 which requires the responsibility of properly managing hazardous chemicals from "the cradle to the grave" including issues dealing with treatment, storage and disposal of chemical wastes, as well as to encourage waste minimization and recycling |
|
Definition
| Resource conservation and recovery act |
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|
Term
| regulatory act initially adopted in 1980 which created a mechanism to deal with uncontrolled and abandoned hazardous waste sites, including handling emergencies, cleaning up the sites, and charging the responsible parties... created a new agency, ATSDR |
|
Definition
comprehensive environmental response, compensation, and liability act CERCLA |
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|
Term
| regulatory act that created authority for indoor air quality activities required OSHA to establish a hazardous waste operations and emergency response regulation for workers and created authority int eh area of community Right to know |
|
Definition
Superfun amendment and reautherization act SARA |
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Term
| Federal agency charged with enforcing regulation agencies (CERCLA, SARA, etc) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| supreme court decision that resulted in an OSHA officer being required, if asked by a company owner, to seek a serach warant and limit his/her inspection to only that |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 4 key requirements of the Haz Com standard that must be provided to or made available to workers |
|
Definition
| MSDS, training, written program, labeling |
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|
Term
| the lowest temp at which a liquid gives off enough vapor to form an ignitable mixture in the presence of an ignition source |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| method used under medical supervision to reduce lead levels in the body by chemically reacting the lead with other chemicals which can then be excreted. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| temp at which combustion will be initiation and self-sustained without a source of ignition |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| form of hemoglobin that cannot carry O2 to the cells, created by nitroaromatic hydrocarbons |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Given: LEL, UEL, MW, Density, Fl.Pt., TLV, max concentration find VP |
|
Definition
| VP/760 x 10^6 = max concentration |
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|
Term
Given: LEL, UEL, MW, Density, Fl.Pt., TLV, max concentration find VP at flash point |
|
Definition
| VP/760 x 10^6 = LEL x 10^5 |
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|
Term
Given: LEL, UEL, MW, Density, Fl.Pt., TLV, max concentration find VHR |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
____ liquids have a flash point < 100 degrees F ____ liquids have a flash point > 100 degrees F |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| airborne limits for the OSHA lead standard |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| biological limits for lead for removal from work and return to work |
|
Definition
removal: >60ug/L return: <60ug/L |
|
|
Term
"medical removal protection" standard for OSHA lead standard how long does the standard provide protection? what worker's rights are protected? |
|
Definition
| 18 mos, salary and position |
|
|
Term
| OSHA regulated chemical (other than lead) has standards for biological monitoring in addition to air concentrations |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
ketones are usually just irritants and flammable, but there are two, more dangerous toxic exceptions. what are they? what do they have in common? resulting health effect? |
|
Definition
n-hexane methyl n-butyl ketone they are toxic metabolites peripheral neuropathy |
|
|
Term
| 3 major different types of classic health effects attributed to organic solvnets |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| dark line across gums is a sign of ___ exposure |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| metal that causes metal fume fever |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| worker has metal sliver in his hand and the would does not seem to health, what metal? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| metal associated with siderosis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| garlic breath is a sign of overexposure to? |
|
Definition
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